Abstract: Two strains of Aspergillus niger were propagated on Czapek broth medium using submerged culture in a shaker incubator at 30 °C and 125 rpm to produce glucose oxidase. The strain ATCC 166808 was selected because it gave higer enzymatic activity than the strain IMI 84305. The presence of glucose and sucrose in the medium at concentration of 20 gm/l for each enhanced maximum enzyme production after 3 days of incubation. The enzyme was found to be intracellular and the sonication time required to rupture the cellular walls was 15 minutes at 10 KHz. The enzyme was precipitated from the cell-free extract by the addition of 2 volumes of cold acetone and was partially purified by gel filtration chromatography using Sephadex G-150 followed by ion-exchange chromatography in a DEAE-cellulose column. A specific activity of 8528.6 units/mg protein and a purification of 53.2 folds with a yield of 47.6% was achieved.

Abstract: The objectives of this research were to asses the training needs of Tommato farmers in Sengar District in new technology and its relationship with some factors. The research sample included (58) farmers representing (10%) of the total number of tommato farmers in Sengar District. A questionnaire was developed to collect the data which was analyzed by using simple correlation and step wise regression analysis. It was found that the high training need was in item, How to use insecticide to cantrol fruite worm it was also found that there are negative and significant relationship between the degree of the farmers training needs and these factors: Education level, years of work in agriculture, standard of living. According to these finding it is recommended to develop training programs for farmers, specially younger farmers, with lower standard of living and lower education.

Abstract: Lignin samples were isolated from Eucalypt wood (Eucalyptus camaldulensis) by kraft process, and then all samples were examined and tested with Fourier Transform Infrared Instrument Technique for identifying the types of lignin monomers units from their spectra.The Lignin monomers spectra chart showed these peak bands( 616.80, 795.11, 876.96, 1057.14, 1127.19, 1458.74, 1509.21, 1542.05 , 1636.26, 1735.68, 2863.72,2922.35, 2967.95, 3447.01,and 3650.56 cm-1 ).No evidence for methoxyl group bands were observed, though all monomers of the tested lignin in this investigation which obtained from Eucalypt wood by KRAFT process consist mainly of P-hydroxy phenyl propane units.

Abstract: The study aimed at determining the amount of red meats production and consumption in Iraq during (1980-2004) for the period , determining positive and negative differences between production and consumption to determine the country self sufficient or there are a nutritional gap of this goods. Red meats are considered as essential food goods for Iraqi families' nutrition basket and important source for supplying animal protein in human nourishing. The question of food providing is apolitical matter rather than economical one. This circumstances persuaded the researcher to carry out this study which concentrated at studying the present situation of red meats production and consumption in Iraq finding showed that there were shortage in production of red meat , and the gap is getting expand according to population increase demand. This situation caused expanding of gap between the production and consumption. Altimetly this problem leaded to decrease in individual consumption share percentage from red meat. The finding also showed that the country mean production of this goods is (46000) thusend Tan but the average of total consumption is (108000) Tan. The average of individual consumption is (6,6) km.

Abstract: This experiment was carried out during the growing season of 2004 – 2005 Horticulture research fields, Agriculture and Forestry College, Mosul University to evaluate five faba bean cultivars for supplementary irrigations through applying supplementary irrigation whenever 25, 50 or 75% of soil AWC is depleted to a soil depth of 25 cm. The results revealed that supplementary irrigations should be applied whenever 25% of soil AWC is depleted to achieve optimal yield. Responses of the five tested cultivars could be categorized according to their performance under adequate and inadequate moisture availabilities as in the following sequence order : Local Syrian > Aqudulce > Towaytha > Babylon > Taka357. The disability of Taka357 in racing its corresponding cultivars under both adequate and inadequate moisture of soils , and therefore implying this cultivar in production was not worthy.

Abstract: The main aim that of this work is to determine the time path and developing for area, crops and production of the cash crops in Iraq, mainly cotton in Nineveh. The study also aims at determining agricultural break–even point that is one of the most important criteria of economic feasibility for agricultural projects that separate between the lose and the profitable production size. Field data, collected through a questionnaire form, were used. The questionnaire included the cotton farming process. A random sample consisting of 15% of the study population, consisting of 100 farmers from all over Nineveh, was included. Results showed that financial break–even point for each donum is 110 US$ according to 2005 prices. Cotton farmers should produce 391 kg/donum as a minimum to cover the costs of each donum in order to make pure profit. The mean donum productivity was 619 kg/donum. This means that the farmers profit is 228 kg/donum of cotton.

Abstract: Three experiments were carried out during 2004 at the laboratory of Horticulture Department, Agriculture and Forestry College, Mosul University to evaluate the drought resistance ability of five faba bean cultivars through the performance of their seeds which were previously obtained from well watered and water stressed plants under matric potentials rates 100, 200, or 300% moisture of the original seed dry weights; osmotic potential rates 0.0, -0.5, -1 or -1.5 Mpa ; and 25, 50, or 100% soil AWC. The results manifested that Towaytha cultivar seeds obtained from well watered plants treatment showed the highest final germination percentages under moisture levels of 100 and 200% of original seed dry weights (57 and 81.7%, respectively). This treatment gave the highest final germination percentages 86.7, 71.3, 34.7 and 19.3 when they were germinated under 0.0, -0.5, -1 and -1.5 Mpa osmotic potentials. Moreover, it was superior over other treatments as it showed the highest final germination percentages 18.3, 71.7 and 71.7%, respectively, under 25, 50 and 100% soil AWC. Implication of seeds obtained from previously water stressed plants should be avoided in order to ensure field uniformity. Sowing seeds in salt water more than that corresponding to -0.5 Mpa or under soil available capacities below 50% are not recommended, particularly seeds harvested from water stressed faba bean plants. Forecasting for drought resistant cultivar segregation depending up on germination performance of seeds under sub-optimal conditions might not be considered for precise estimation.

Abstract: This study was conducted to investigate the effects of Zingiben Officinale boiled extract on some blood parameters , blood glucose , cholesterol and triglycerides in local male rabbits (6 – 7 months old) . Rabbits were divided into 2 groups (6 rabbits each) . The first group was treated with distilled water (control group) . The second group received the boiled extract of Zingiben Officinale orally at (1000 mg / kg B . wt) daily for 28 days . The results revealed a significant reduction in blood glucose , cholesterol and triglycerides levels and an increase of total leukocytes count and a significant decrease erythrocytes count and hemoglobin concentration.

Abstract: This study was conducted to investigate the protective effect of Zingiben Officinale against the H2O2 induced oxidative stress in local male rabbits 5 – 6 months old . Rabbits were divided into 4 groups 4 rabbits each . Zingiben officinale was used as capsules at a dose of 1000 mg / kg. B. wt . The rabbits were treated dialy for 28 days . Oxidative stress was determined through measuring the levels of glutathione GSH and malondialdehyde MDA in liver tissue and of ALT and AST enzymes levels . H2O2 treatment showed significant decrease in liver tissue MDA and a significant increase liver tissue GSH serum AST and ALT were significantly increase also the above changes indicate the ability of H2O2 (1 %) in the induction of oxidative stress in local male rabbits .The treatment with zingiben officinale showed the following results significant decrease in ALT and AST serum levels , also significant decrease in liver tissue MDA and significant increase in GSH level , significant decrease in liver fat % These results indicate the protective effect of ZingibenOfficinal against oxidative stress .

Abstract: Ammonia volatilization from urea and sheep manure in calcareous soil classificed as calci – camborthids , fertilizers were added sperately and together at rate 80 kg N.D-1 with agriculture sulphure at 2500 Kg.D-1 during four seasons (Spring ,Summure , Autumn, and Winter) 2003-2004 .Ammonia gas were collected under closed system in Boric acid 2% under feild conditions.The results showed sulphure caused a significant reduction in ammonia volatilization,for surface application,the percent of reduction were 28.79,44.41,35.07 and29.62% for urea ,8.45,15.67,10.89 and 27.27%for sheep manure during the four season respectively ,while the sub surface application caused more reduction in ammonia volatilization ,50.82,36.72,37.07 and 37.5% for urea and 62.27,15.59,19.43 and 66.66% for manure sheep during the four season respectively. This result may contribute in increasing of Nitrogen fertilization effeciency and contributed in the ecological contract.

Abstract: A study was conducted to evaluate sulfate release kinetics in calcarious soil amended with different levels of agricultural sulfare and to select the best mathematical models that describes the mechanism of sulfate under different time of incubations. Agricultural sulfur was mixed with soil at the rates (0, 250, 500, 750 and 1000 mgS.Kg-1 soil. Water was added to rais the soil moisture content to field capacity. The soil samples were incubated at 298 k˚. Sulfate content of treated soil were determined after (1, 7, 14, 28, 56, 168) day. Five kinetics models (zero order, first order, parapolic diffusion, Elovich, and power function) were applied to describe sulfate release rate coefficient, in order to select the best model according to high (r ) value and lowest (SE) value and to calculate ΔG˚ and t1/2 for sulfate release. The results showed a significant increase in the accumulated sulfate release with sulfur treatments with increasing incubation period but the increase declined in the last periods of incubation. The results showed that power function equation was the best equation to describe the rate coefficient of sulfate accumulation that range from 0-70 to 0-71 mg-kg-day-1 and free energy of reaction was negative and spontaneous change.

Abstract: The relationships between body weight, body and fat tail dimensions of 119 hamdani lambs at weaning were studied. A total of 500 records of 115 hamdani ewes (test day milk yield) were analyzed. The overall mean of test-day milk yield was 0.414 kg. The effects of flock , age of dam , stage of lactation and body weight of dam on this trait were significant. Repeatability estimate for test-day milk yield was (0.52 ± 0.04) , and the estimated value of BLUP for ewe depending on milk yield ranged from (-155.56 to 214.58 gm ) for the first flock, and (-162.46 to 240.39 gm ) for the second flock. The overall mean of weaning weight (WW),body length (BL) hearth girth (HG), height at shoulder (HS) & at hip(HH) width at shoulder (WS) and at hip (WH) were 21.41 kg, 49.69 cm, 61.79 cm, 54.73 cm, 56.99 cm, 14.05 cm,16.99 cm, respectively .The overall mean of fat tail length (FL) , fat tail width (FW1) at the point of attachment with the body and at the middle point (FW2) were 13.81 cm , 20.30 cm and 23.83 cm, respectively. Positive correlation coefficients (p

Abstract: This study was designed to investigate the effects of Thyme leaves ( Thymus vulgaris ) on some physiological parameters and lipid profile , tissues chemical composition , body components in male and females local rabbits . The rabbits ( 12 weeks old ) were divided into 4 groups 6 rabbits each ( 2 replicates ) for males and females . 1st group ( males ) and in the 2nd group ( females ) were given the standard ration ( control ) , the 3rd ( males ) and the 4th ( females ) groups were given standard ration containing 2 % thyme leaves for 10 weeks . Blood and tissue samples were obtained at the end of 10th week.The results revealed a significant decrease in W.B.C and R.B.C , hemoglobin con. , p.c.v. in both sex , the decrease in males was significant as compared with females , Thyme leaves produced a significant increase in M.C.H, M.C.H.C. in both sex .Also the Thyme leaves caused a significant decrease in Cholesterol levels in both sexes , the decrease in females was significant, also caused a significant increase in Triglyceride in both sexes, the increase in males was significant , HDL – C significantly increased , while LDL – C was decreased , in both sexes , the improvement was better in males . These alteration in HDL – C,LDL – C were reflected in a significant improvement of risk ratio.The treatment causes a significant increase in dry matter , fat % in liver and heart tissues in both sexes , while the thigh tissue showed a significant increase in fat % only. Also there was a significant increase in visceral and shoulders fat % in both sexes , and a significant increase in females carcass weight .

Abstract: The growth of lactic acid bacteria of yoghurt culture Str.salivarius sub-sp thermophilus (Str. thermophilus) and Lacto bacillus delrueckeii sub-sp bulgaricus (Lacto. bulgaricus)in milk inhibited the growth of vegetative cells of B .cereus and spores that resisted the high heat treatment which was isolated from raw milk and prevented the B .cereus from producing the enterotoxins in yoghurt . The B .cereus did not affect the growth of yoghurt starter culture, also the rate of acid development in yoghurt was not affected in the presence of B. cereus. The poisoning by this bacteria did not happen in dairy product when number decreased to less than 106 c.f.u. /ml .

Abstract: Soft white cheese was manufactured from both sheep’s and cow’s milk activated by the (LPS) system at 30 : 70 ppm concentration of KSCN : H2O2 respectively .Refrigerated cheese samples cooled at 5ْC for 1,6 and 15 days were tested for pH total solids , fat , total and soluble proteins , salt content , organoleptic properties and yield of the cheese were also determined . Results revealed that the (LP)-treatment decreased the total solids as a result of increasing the cheese moisture , this also affected the other components of cheese as compared with control . But the cheese yield increased in spite of the decrease in total solids , total protein. salt content and pH-level for that of the LPS-treated milk as compared with that of untreated (control). Results of treated sheep’s milk significantly dominated over those of cows milk for all test . The produced cheese was organolepticaly accepted , therefore this study recommend the use of LPS to obtain cheese organoleptically very close to that produced from fresh untreated sheep’s and cow’s milk .

Abstract: Growth function were use for estimating the basal area and volume per hectare of Populus nigra stands Zakho Region, data have been collected from(45) random samples, each area of the sample was ( 0.1) per hectare. The characteristics of each sample were measured , the samples cover different ages and densities of Populus nigra stand . By using four mathematical models and differentiation among them depending upon statistical measurements, we have got the following equation: G = -1.597 +3.395(H) – 80.72(1000/N) The coefficient of determination was (0.86 ) and standard error percent of the mean (3.18 ). This equation was check for a good fitting of basal area per hectare for Populus nigra , and it was used for preparing a basal area table depending on height and number of trees. The integration of the equation of basal area are extremities which lead to the following: V = 148.045 – 1.59(1000/N) + 3.394(H)(1000/N) - 40.36(1000/N)2 A table was prepared form the equation to estimate production for unit area at specific density and height.

Abstract: The present study was conducted in Ninevah forest to study some effects of pollarding on Robinia pseudoacacia seedling at one year age . The pollarding method was done each two monthls at the fixed different heights above ground level namely , 10 , 20 and 30cm to stimulate the growth of the plant to maximize biomass production . The results indicated that the highest average of monthly growth in length ( 5.27 cm ) was obtained when the pollarding was done at level above ground height , while the highest average in diameter ( 0.25 ) occurred in plant pollarded 10 cm above the ground level . With respect to the number of pollarding , it appeared that that with out pollarding was the best when compared with other numbers of pollarding , since it gave the highest average of monthly in length ( 3.55 cm ) and diameter ( 0.30 mm ) .As for pollarding dates, 1st of October, was the best in a achieving , the highest increase in the average monthly growth in height ( 16.54 cm ) and in diameter ( 1.62 mm ) among the other pollarding dates .The highest overage of dry Biomass of shoots from each pollard and the total pollards was reached when pollarding was done at the ground level . these overages were ( 7.70 gm and 19.29 gm ) . No pollarding among the number of pollards of Robinia seedling at one year old was the best in its effect on giving the highest overages of dry Biomass of the shoots from each pollard and from total pollards ( 60.15 and 50.94 g ) in regard to the date of pollarding Ist November was the best in giving the highest mean (18.88 g) in dry weight of shoots.

Abstract: Sixteen new durum wheat genotypes in addition to the local variety, Um-Rabeeh were studied in RCBD with three replications under the rainfed conditions of northern region of Iraq to study: number of days to 50% anthesis, plant height, spike length, number of grains/spike, number of spikes/m2 , biological yield, grain yield, harvest index, 1000-grain weight and protein percentage were studied. Phenotypic and genetic variances were highly significant for all the characters. Phenotypic correlation was positive and significant between number of days to 50 % anthesis and each of spike length and biological yield as well as between 1000- grain weight and protein percentage. Genetic correlation was positive and significant between harvest index and grain yield, number of spikes /m2 and protein percentage and between grain yield and biological yield. Broad–sense heritability estimates were high for number of days to 50% anthesis, plant height, biological yield, grain yield, harvest index, 1000- grain weight and protein percentage.

Abstract: Twenty bread wheat of ICARDA in addition to the local variety, Abou-Garib 3 were evaluated in Nienvah governorate, Iraq for two locations, , Al-Rashidia and Rabeeha,15 and 120 km from Mosul center . The characters studied were : plant height, number of spikelets/spike, number of grains/spike, number of spikes/m2, grain yield, biological yield, harvest index,1000-grain weight and protein percentage. Values of phenotypic and genetic variances were significant for all characters. For both locations, genetic correlation was positive and significant between grain yield and harvest index, broad sense heritability estimates were high for protein percentage and low for plant higher, grain yield, biological yield, harvest index and 1000- grain weight.

Abstract: Field experiment was conducted to study the performance of the four wheels drive tractor with two plow types [new designed (experimental model) and local made (113)], two levels of the depths 20-25 and 25-30 cm and three different speeds 4.4 and 6 and 9 km/hr. Then their effects in power requirements criteria (drawbar power, slippage percentage and effective field capacity). And plowing criteria (soil inversion percentage, vertical stability, sidelong stability). In power requirements criteria, the designed mould board plow significantly surpassed and showed better results in effective field capacity, while the different levels of depths and speeds had significant effects in all power requirements criteria. All interactions (plows and depths, plows and speeds, depths and speeds) had significant effects in all power requirements criteria. In plowing quality characteristics, the designed plow surpassed and showed better results.