Abstract: Flooding is a severe climate-related threat to rural livelihoods and poverty levels in Low and Middle-Income Countries (LMICs), particularly affecting vulnerable smallholder farmers. This systematic review aims to provide future research directions on the vulnerability of smallholder farmers to flooding, poverty, and coping strategies in LMICs. Specifically, the study evaluates methodologies used to assess vulnerability to flooding, its links to poverty, and identifies coping strategies employed by smallholder farmers to mitigate the impacts of flood-induced vulnerability on their livelihoods and well-being. Following the PRISMA procedure, 19 relevant studies were identified across five database searches. The findings revealed the wide use of vulnerability indices that incorporate exposure, sensitivity, and adaptive capacity to assess varying risks across localities and social groups, with strong links found between vulnerability and multidimensional poverty. Floods worsen income poverty, food insecurity, and socioeconomic inefficiency, hindering Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) 1 and 2 progress. Common coping strategies include livelihood diversification, social capital networks, migration, loans, asset liquidation, and disaster aid, which help mitigate shocks but need strengthening to contribute to SDGs 13 and 15 targets. Key evidence gaps are individual-level/farmer vulnerability, quantitative modelling of flood-poverty linkages, assessing the impact of coping strategies on poverty, and understanding Indigenous practices. Strengthening the adaptation-development linkage through comprehensive interventions and research collaborations is crucial for enhancing farmer resilience. This review provides valuable insights for researchers and stakeholders to advance conceptual understanding and inform policies aimed at reducing the climatic and socioeconomic vulnerabilities of farmers.

Abstract: AbstractThis study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of the composite films of chitosan (Ch) and silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) biosynthesized by the Aspergillus niger on the chemical qualities and microbial content of chicken breasts meat during storage at 4°C for 28 days. Over storage time pH, moisture content, and peroxide number of chicken breast meat were analyzed. The results indicated that the films of Ch alone or Ch-AgNPs had increased the values of all parameters the preservation periods. Regarding the microbial content, total bacterial count was decreased in both Ch and Ag-NPs over time cpared to the control. While lowest level was found in Ch-AgNPs samples These findings demonstrated that the meat samples coated with either Ch or Ch-AgNPs performed better than those without coating the during storage time. The Ch-AgNPs film became thicker after AgNPs were added. The chicken breast sample coated with Ch-AgNPs preserved the moisture content, pH values, peroxide number, percentage of F.F.A and bacterial counts better compared to the Ch sample and compared after 28 days of preservation, the values were %75.91, 6.9, 0.42 (mgO2/100g), %0.95, 5.08 (log10 cfu/g) respectively, which caused prolongation of the shelf life of the Ch-AgNPs sample.

Abstract: The research aims to conduct a standard economic analysis of the most important economic indicators related to sustainable development affecting the GDP of the sample countries (Iraq, Egypt, Jordan), Based on the premise that despite the vigorous pursuit of sustainable development, developing countries remain below the required level through the reduction of many indicators of sustainable development and the challenges facing sample States, The research relied on the descriptive and analytical approach using the Eviews10 programmer using time chains and two periods before forecast (2015-2022) and for forecasting (2023-2030). The data were divided into quarterly views to increase the number of views and to see the impact of some economic indicators of sustainable development on the adopted variable of sample States' GDP, The researcher concluded that sustainable development is not the level required and desired from it between (2015-2022) and that the variables got worse during the prediction that the sample states did not pay this great attention. The researcher recommended paying attention to the economic aspect, which is central to the dimensions and indicators of sustainable development, focusing on the environmental, technological, and social aspects as well, focusing on the establishment of financial funds to support sustainable development programs, and supporting research, media and cultural projects towards the establishment of environmentally friendly and beneficial projects for poor classes.

Abstract: Five locations were chosen, two of them at the university of Mosul (L1, L2), and the other at Al-Shalalat (L3), Baybokh (L4) and Khorsobad (L5), all of them were chosen different in vegetation cover at Nineveh governorate, to study the moisture content distribution, and the predicated moisture by using Van Genuchten (1980) and Soilpar2 program at four depths. Physical and chemical properties were determined, after soil samples were collected and air dry, then sieved through 2 mm sieve. Results revealed that high best fit between the measured moisture and predicted by Van Genuchten (1980) for all locations and depths at suction more than 50 Kpa, especially at 800, 1100 and 1500 Kpa respectivly, with a correlation coefficient (r) ranged between (0.93-0.99). Also, result showed that the measured and predicated values were not variable with depths for all locations. The reason for that related to homogenous of soil texture. On the other hand, the measured values were variable with the predicted by using Soilpar2 between locations and depths. High best fit between the measured and predicted values at 10 and 20 Kpa for all locations, with a correlation coefficient ranged between (0.85-0.98).

Abstract: Seven experimental diets were prepared to feed the common carp Cyprinus carpio L.They are the control diet without additives T1 and three diets to which sweet bean seed powder was added in three proportions, namely 0.5%,1% and1.5%, respectively, for the diets T2, T3 and T4, and the diets contained T5 and T6. And T7 on Gujarat seed powder at rates of 0.5%, 1% and 1.5%, in an experiment that lasted for 60 days. The T5, T6, and T7 treatments, which contained Roselle seeds weighing (21.24, 24.07, 22.12) grams, respectively, were superior in weight gain to the control treatment T1 and T4 (18.06, 19.29) grams in weight gain of fish for all treatments compared with the control treatment and the rest of the treatments. Treatment T6 recorded a daily growth rate of 0.401 gm, superior to control treatment T1 (0.250 gm) and to the rest of the treatments. The specific growth rate increased signific in the Roselle seed powder treatments over the control treatment and the sweet bean seed powder treatments, where the T5 0.216 g/day treatment outperformed all treatments,including the control treatment. TheT2 treatment(0.168 g/day)outperformed the control treatment and the T3 and T4 treatments (0.143, 0.111)g/day. The relative growth rate increased significin treatments T5, T6, and T7 with percentages of (13.873, 11.035, and 11.053) %, respectively,over treatments T1,T3،T4,.Treatments T1 and T4 recorded (8.322 and 8.289) grams, respectively, superior to all the remaining treatments. The feed efficiency rate increased in treatment T6, amounting to 19.256%

Abstract: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the impact of adding postbiotics produced from two species of lactic acid bacteria, Lactobacillus acidophilus (Lap) and Lactiplantibacillus plantarum (Lpp), to broiler chicken diets on their productivity, gastrointestinal microbiota count, and nutrient digestibility. Using a completely randomized design, 315 one-day-old broiler chicks (Ross- 308) were randomly divided into seven groups and three replications, with fifteen unsexed chicks per replicate. The basal diet was administered without supplements (negative control) or supplemented with Tetracycline (TET) at 0.02% (positive control). The other five groups: T1, T2 (basal diet supplemented with Lap 0.25%, and Lap 0.50% respectively); T3, T4 (basal diet supplemented with Lpp 0.25%, and Lpp 0.50% respectively); T5, (basal diet supplemented with 0.25% Lap + 0.25% Lpp).Results indicated that feeding broiler chickens with postbiotics supplements (excluding T1) and a positive control (TET) resulted in significant improvements (P≤0.05) in body weight gain, feed intake, feed conversion ratio, production index, and economic efficiency compared to the negative control group. Also postbiotics supplements showed the highest level (P≤0.05) Lactobacilli count of jejunum, and the lowest level of E. coli bacteria decreased significantly (P≤0.05) in all groups compared to the negative control. Additionally, postbiotics (excluding T1) and TET treatments improved (P≤0.05) digestibility of dry matter, protein, fat, protein efficiency ratio and passage rate compared to the negative control group. The results suggest that postbiotics supplements can enhance growth performance, nutrient digestibility, protein efficiency, passage rate, and intestinal microbiota count of broiler chickens.

Abstract: This investigation aimed to ascertain the impact of various concentrations of Longevity Spinach leaf powder (LSP) as broiler feed additives on chemical composition, some physical traits (each pH, Water holding capacity, and Cooking loss), Chemical and oxidative traits (Thiobarbituric acid, Free fatty acids, Total volatile nitrogen, Myaglobin and Met-Myoglobin) and validity period of the thigh meat which preserved for different freezing periods. 90 broiler chickens at the age of one day- (Ross-308) were distributed into six treatments randomly. A commercial concentrated diet was provided for all treatments. As a control, the T1 whithout additives. T2: 0.75 kg LSP per ton of feed; T3: 1.5 kg LSP per ton of feed; and T4: 2.25 kg LSP per ton of feed; T5: 3 kg LSP per ton of feed while T6 offers 3.75 kg of LSP per feed ton. After 35 days of Rearing, 6 broilers were randomly slaughtered for each treatment. Carcasses were washed with cooled water and dried with gauze then kept at refrigeration for 8 hrs. Carcasses thigh cut were placed in polyethylene bags then stored for 0, 30, and 90 days at -18 ℃ and required measurements were collected at each period's end. Results indicated that LSP treatments, especially T5 (adding 3 kg LSP / ton of feed), had a positive effect on all studied traits for most storage periods, and suggested that using LSP powder as natural additives to broiler feed enhances the quality attributes of meat and prolongs Its validity period in freezer Storage

Abstract: The study aimed to harden two grape cultivars, Superior and Red globe shoots grown in vitro by adding different PEG concentrations (0, 5, 10, 20, and 40 g L-1) to the growth medium (MS + 2 mg L-1 BA) for inducing in vitro drought stress. Biochemical compounds directly impacted by drought were assessed 30 days after planting to determine the modifications of their metabolic pathways to adapt to the drought and shoots survived. Compared to the control treatment, the addition of PEG resulted in a significant increase in the antioxidants produced in the explant (anthocyanin, proline, total sugars, and catalase enzyme) as well as a significant decrease in the explant content of malondialdehyde and chlorophyll. The results also demonstrated that the cultivars differed significantly in all the studied traits. Likewise, the interaction coefficients between the cultivars and the added PEG concentrations achieved significant differences from the control for each cultivar separately. The largest anthocyanin concentration for the Red globe and Superior cultivars (24.46 and 13.30 mg 100 g-1) proline (25.08 and 20.75 mmol g-1), respectively, obtained from shoots growing in media supplied with 20 g l-1 PEG While the most significant percentage of total sugars (11.17 and 10.58%), respectively, were obtained from shoots grown in media content 40 gm L-1 PEG, While the highest catalase enzyme concentration for the two cultivars Red globe and Superior (9.01 and 8.21 units mg-1) and was obtained from shoots grown in the presence of 40 and 20 g l-1 PEG, respectively.

Abstract: This study was conducted in the genetic applications laboratories of University of Mosul, College of Education for Pure Sciences. Heat shock proteins HSPs were constructed for increase of withstand long-term physical shocks, and production of resistant to heat strawberry plants, The results of the study showed the production of callus cultures after two months of cultivation on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium + 1.0, 2.0, 3.0 and 4.0 mg/L of 2 , 4 – Dichlorophenxy Acetic Acid ( 2,4-D) + 6 Benzyl adenine (BA) (1.0 mg/L). Also, a-Naphthalene Acetic Acid (NAA) was used in the same previous concentrations with BA, and the medium MS + 4.0 mg/L of 2 ,4-D + 1.0 mg/L of BA outperformed the rest of the concentrations in inducing callus, after 16 days of culture. The callus was yellow-brown color. One-month-old callus samples were exposed to short term heat shock represented by 10 minutes, and the long term which is 20 minutes at temperatures of 35, 40, 45 and 50°C. The result indicate an increasing of fresh weights,, protein , and anthocyanin . The results concluded that the 45°C for 30 min shock encouraged also protein content at the 30-day age stage, while anthocyanin pigment decreased in the same period. The current study succeeded in detecting the expression of heat shock genes HSP70 and HSP90 using RT- PCR, The results demonstrated an increase in gene activity with an increase in the severity of heat shock when callus cultures were exposed to shock 45°C / 30 min

Abstract: The study was carried out in the Aqre area of northern Iraq, which represents lands with various agricultural uses and located between latitudes (37°2ˉ5.42˭ - 36°29ˉ59.26˭) N and longitudes (43°35ˉ56.84˭ -44°18ˉ31.56˭) E to study the spectral indices (SI, NDSI, OSAVI, OVI, GDVI2) related to soil salinity and vegetation cover for three years (2003, 2013, 2023) based on Landsat satellite data (7, 8, 9) to diagnosing salinity-affected soils and monitoring changes in land use. (40) Surface soil samples were collected with different agricultural uses and were prepared for laboratory analysis. The results showed that the pH values were characterized by being moderate in most of the sites. The Ec values ranged between (0.12-1.24) dS m-1, and the CaCO3 content ranged between (110-460). g kg-1. The results showed that the CEC values ranged between (16.03-37.81) Cmolkg-1.The results indicated that the area affected by salinity in 2003 and represented by the presence of five SI classes, as their values ranged from lowest value (57.688 - 69.777) to the highest value (82.908 - 110.837). Result showed decline in vegetation over three years was caused by the effect of climate, particularly rainfall. indicating that the lands are now under strong agricultural management, since the majority of the percentages in the areas of the types were greater in 2013 than in the previous two years. also keep in mind that the largest percentages were for the best variation for each index, reaching (39.772%, 22.683%, 18.397%, 11.400%) for SI, NDSI, OSAVI, and EVI, respectively.

Abstract: research aimed to study the determinants of economic efficiency and the amount of surplus the deficit in the quantities used in the production of dry onions (crystal) in Nineveh Governorate for the 2022 production season .The study included 52 farms that produce onions in the Sheikhan district.. Data on the study were obtained through a questionnaire form dedicated to this purpose and through interviews with farmers.. The variables studied included the quantity of production in Each farm as a dependent variable, and each of the ( area, seeds,no fertilizers, labor, mechanical work, pesticides, and irrigation hours) as independent variables, using the data envelopment analysis method and the statistical program Deap ). Economic efficiency results and components have The results of economic efficiency and, as well as determining the amount of surplus or deficit in each farm. Both economic, allocative, and economic efficiency in Palm reached an average of about (86%, 68%, 60%) in the research sample farms, respectively, while All farms included in the study achieved a surplus in the use of the quantity of resources, with the exception of the resource of irrigation hours, where the deficit rate reached an average of about 27% for the sample, while the rate of waste in the quantities of other resources ranged between 4.5% to 36%. The researcher recommends that farmers take care of price relationships and . Production in instalments or on deferred payments, and need to know the standard quantities of resources needed by crops and follow scientific instructions

Abstract: The surface area of the leaves of trees that perform photosynthesis is expressed by the leaf area index (LAI) for pine trees with different densities, using direct methods by collecting field data in 2022 from (30) samples, and measurements were taken of the diameter at breast height for each sample and the total height, crown center height, crown width, and number of trees. Through field data and laboratory analysis of the relationships between the structure of tree elements, it was found that the leaf area index showed an inverse relationship with the distances between trees and that increasing the distance between trees reduces the crown coverage of trees and thus is reflected in the leaf area index of the tree. At low densities, it decreases and increases with increasing tree density. This also applies to the relationship between the dry weight of leaves and the distances between trees, as an inverse relationship showed, and this was also clear for the relationship between the dry weight of leaves and the average diameter and height of the trees in that tree. A set of equations was reached that was tested using multiple statistical standards, and it was the equation of the dry weight of pine tree leaves per unit area, the equation of the surface area of pine tree leaves per unit area, as well as the leaf area index of pine trees (LAI).