Abstract: The study area, is forming a part of the Sulaimani Governorate, in the North-east part of Iraq approximately between latitude 35° 10′- 35° 28′ N and longitude 45° 35′-46° 20′ E. , The objective of the study is to determine the dominant landuse/landcover types in Sharazur plain by using remote sensing techniques.

Abstract: The study aimed to recognize cultivators motivations to participate in the National Program For Cotton Cultivation Development, and to determine the reasons for non-participation in the program. The two research samples consist of cultivators who participated and those who did not participated in the Program, the first sample consists of 70 cultivators and the second sample consists of 88 cultivators. Two questionnaires we prepared, The first was prepared to measure motives of cultivators to participate in the Program while the second was prepared to determine the reasons for non-participating in the Program. The data was analyzed by using means and percentage. The results showed that the motivations of 78% of the repondents were weak to moderate, and that the economic motives occupied the first rank order, and the main reasons for non-participating were economic reasons. Though, we recommend to reinforce the cultivators by introducing financial support through the government and provide agricultural inputs with reasonable prices.

Abstract: Five Hamdani rams weighting56-64 kg have been included in this experiment. A total of 120 semen samples were collected. The objectives of this experiment were to investigate the effect of seasonal variations on the physical properties of the semen, including volume, color, mass motility, individual motility, and percentage of dead and live sperm, percentage of sperm abnormality percentage and sperm concentration and pH of seminal plasma. Biochemical properties of seminal plasma they are transaminases enzymes AST, ALT, alkaline phosphate enzyme (ALP) total protein , albumin, globulins and total cholesterol. Result show a significant effect (P< 0.01) of the seasonal variation on the physical and biochemical properties of seminal were also determined. Increased ejaculate volume and change in colour to creamy were recorded higher motility of mass and individual sperms in summer season were recorded, while increase number of dead and abnormal sperms were recorded in winter, sperm concentration/ml. increased (P<0.01) in summer and spring in comparism with other three seasons. Concerning the biochemical properties, the result showed that there was increased (P<0.01) activity of AST enzyme in winter, while no effect of the seasons on the activity the ALT enzyme. The ALP, total protein and globulins were significantly (P<0.01) increased in summer, while albumin was increased (P<0.01) in autumn and winter. The total cholesterol concentration decreased (P<0.01) in summer. These results indicated were that the best season for breeding Hamdani ram summer season.

Abstract: The objectives of this research were to determine the level of farmers exposure in Al-Gayara District Nenevah province to some agricultural extension methods: Individual extension methods, group extension methods and mass extension methods, and to find out if significant differences exist in the degree of these exposure according to some variables. The research sample included 86 respondents, the data were collected through a interview, after testing the validity and reliability of the interview, the researchers used Arithmetic mean, Kruskal-Wallis test and t-test to analyze the data. It was found that there were low level exposure for 70.93% of the respondents to all extension methods, also it was found that there were significant differences in the degree of exposure according to variables: education level, degree of dependence on agricultural work and years of work in agriculture, while there were no significant differences according to: types of land tenure and type of family.

Abstract: This research was put to the demand functions for different kinds of paper and paper board in china, aiming to locate the factors which affect the quality demand of these commodities using linear and non linear functions. The results of the application illustrated that the 1/2 logarithm function for the base 10 on the right side was the best perfect state for writing and reading paper, and the logarithm function for the base 10 for both sides was the perfect state of news paper, and the multiple linear regression was the best state for other kinds of paper and paper boards, while the logarithm function for the base 10 for both sides was represent the state of gross paper and paper boards. With regard to import functions, the results indicated that the 1/2 logarithm function for the base 10 on the right side was represented the best perfect state for writing and reading paper, while the logarithm function for the base 10 for both sides was represented the perfect state for news paper, other kinds of paper and paper board and for the gross paper and paper board.

Abstract: The Paper tries to measure growth rates and to limit the Volume of growth resources for exploring the Capabilities of development in agricultural Sector of the Arab states (Saudi Arabia,Morocco,Egypt,Tunisia and Syria) for the period 1980-2003.This has been made through Knowing the changes taken place in the agricultural product. The relation between agricultural product being a relevant Variance and the Factors which limit it (Land,Labour,Capital) being independent Variances.Also,Factors Participation in production growth has been estimated by applying the Formula of Taylor Expansion. Total Factor production (TFP) has been found and it was clear that there was a growth in total production for the abore mentioned states were a differences in production growth between another state. Saudi Arabia has got higher ratio in the growth of its production by 91.3% Morocco 87.39% ,Tunisia 71.48%, Egypt 62.11%, As For Syria, it has got the last grade by its slow growth with a rtio of 5.18-%.Therefor, the paper recommends to review the programs of agricultural economic development the best way to exploit its agricultural resources.

Abstract: The importance of the paper defines that economic adjustment policies and structural change have a deep impact on economic development and agricultural poverty in the future of development economies .Studies and papers have tackled various reflections of these policies upon economic of agricultural developing states .Therefore ,the problem comes to confirm that these reflections might be translated at the end into the fact that the impact in levels of agricultural poverty .The paper aims at studying this relation by answering the following question :Can the programs of economic adjustment and agricultural change be fulfilled without making great problems for the poor ?How can these programs be able to improve the life of the poor for a long- term by depending on the hypothesis which says that economic policies have not created these effects in the rate of agricultural product and in the form which create significant effects in the direction of elevating rates of agricultural poverty through eliminating the variance in distributing agricultural lands .The study has limited a selected sample from developing states of the year 2004 .Throughout the study ,results of standard and statistical analysis were significant and the relation between the rate of agricultural growth and Gini indicator inside the agricultural sector as being dependent variant .This means that the advantages of growth means that the advantages of growth are not distributed equally for there was no clear relation between growth and poverty ,considering that low levels of variance should have been of different effects in growth in comparison with high levels of variance .For this reason ,each state must face a certain level of variance and degrees of variance differ across various states by depending upon structural factors .Therefore ,achieving sustainable growth to be distributed equally is considered as a basic factor in decreasing poverty levels .

Abstract: The study included both descriptive and quantitive analysis for the reality of production and consumption for the wheat crop in Iraq during the period 1980-2006 in addition to its future exceptions till the year 2015. Results of analysis have revealed that yearly increase in consumed quantities of wheat exceeds the yearly increase of produced quantities. This explains that the food gap is large and reached critical levels due to many factors like the high rates in population growth and the improved levels of income and the decrease of areas of land cultivated as well as the type of consumption from this crop. Therefore the imbalanced distribution of economic resources specialized for producing wheat crop. The gap started to become large during time and this needed to limit and estimate the most important factors which effect production increase to the level reaching the achieved increase of population in order to avoid the negative effects of food gap and to prevent this gap not to be expanded . The study reached that future expectation to produce wheat crop in increased slowly and dose not suit with the expected increases of population numbers. The study also ended with the necessity to encourage local investment in cultivating wheat and ton depend upon agricultural policies which share in elevating the largest amount of economic efficiency in producing wheat crop in Iraq.

Abstract: The research aims at studying and analysis the determining factors of agricultural production in Iraq and showing the effect of sharing them in the growth and development of agricultural production for the period (1985-2005) values of agricultural domestic product have been adopted being an affiliated Varian as well as the determining factors and they are : agricultural capital, agricultural work, the farming area, mechanical technology, chemical technology and climatic variables being an independent variables to represent the relation ship among them. It has been confirmed through results of analysis that there is an effect for some independent factors, agricultural work, the farming area and chemical technology in both growth and development of agricultural product ratios of participation in each element have been calculated in the development of the affiliated element .It has been clear that the chemical technology has a larger participation (contribution) amounted 64.7% and the farming area 57.8% ,the capital 31.6% then the agricultural work 14.7% ,climatic variables -14.5% and finally the mechanic technology-54.5%, this shows that the agricultural sector in Iraq suffers from the lack of optimum use of agricultural resources which requires the adoption of an effective agricultural policy through the usage of agricultural plans by using an agricultural policy and modern technology as well as the large financial support given to the farmer and the secured high prices for his products as well as customs protection as long as this sector represents an important location in the national economy.

Abstract: Cotton's crop is considered to be one of the strategic crops in Iraq, it is an important sources for fibers which are used in textiles as will as using its seeds in vegetable oil industry. It is one of the important irrigated crops in Nineveh province. Due to the cost increase and decrease in production size and the remot production than the optimum size. these all affected the acre yield . thus,we tried to understand to what extent can the farmens achieve size economies through field data which included (30) farmers representing 8.57% from the contracted farmers with the national program to develop cottons agriculture for the season 2005 . It is clear from studying productive situation for the period (1988-2004) that there is an expansion in cultivated area production and productivity with the positive annual growth rate about (0.01,0.06,0.07) respectively .The statistical analysis for the applied example has shown that there is an opposite relationship between farms size and productivity and also the function of costs was cubic and the best size for production in long – run is 12.39ton . is for the optimum area it can be exploition it form cottons farmers is 25.52 acre . Therefore, it is necessary to use modern technologies in production which contribute in increasing the yield in order to fill apart of the country's need from this crop .

Abstract: This experiment was conducted in Agricultural Research center of Ainkawa / Erbil / Iraq, during the growing season 2005-2006. The aim of this experiment was to investigate the effect of planting dates and plant density on flowering and yield of two varieties of strawberry (Fragaria× ananassa Duch.) Three planting dates 20 thsep., 10 thoct. And 30 thoct. In 2005 and three plant densities (46000, 23000 and 15332 plants/Hec) with two varieties of strawberry “ Kaiser's samling and Hapil” had been investigated. The annual hill system were used with fixed spacing (1m) between rows. The experimental design was split-split plot within RCBD, with 4 replicated and the experimental unit area was 7.2m2. All results were tested by using Duncan’s multiple range test at probability of 5%. The obtained results could be summarized as following:

Abstract: Tow isolated experiments were conducted in the field of the College of Agriculture & Forestry / University of Mosul , during the 2006 growing season . The first was on Anna cv. young apple trees and the second was on Vistabella cv. young apple trees which were grafted on MM.106 rootstock, and planted in sandy clay lomy soil at 4×4 meters apart under drip irrigation system , to investigate the effect of sulphur , nitrogen , ascorbic acid and their interactions on leaves S , N , P and K concentrations.Three levels of each sulphur ( 0 , 100 and 200 gm. tree-1, S0 , S1 and S2 respectively ) , and nitrogen ( 0 , 30 and 60 gm. tree -1 , N0 , N1 and N2 respectively ) and two levels of ascorbic acid ( 0 and 125 mg.L.-1, A0 and A1 respectively) were used . The results of both experiments indicated that Sulphur application significantly increase leaves S , N , P and K concentration at both CVS.While nitrogen application leds to significant increase in leaves S and N concentration of both cultivars and K in leaves of Vistabella CV.and significant decrease of leaves P in both cultivars.Whereas ascorbic acid spray led to significant increase in leaves N in both cultivars and leaves S , P and K in Anna cultivar.All interactions among sulphur , Nitrogen and ascorbic acid significantly effected leaves S , N , P and K concentrations on both cultivars , except the effect of S X N and N X Ascorbic acid interactions on K concentration in leaves of Anna CV. , and the effect of S X Ascorbic acid interaction on S concentration in leaves of Vistabella CV.The treatment 200gm S.tree-1 + 60gm.N .tree-1 + foliar spray of ascorbic acid at 125mg.L-1 was the best , the percentage of S , N , P and K on it was 0.34 , 2.94 , 0.295 and 1.99 % respectively in leaves of Anna CV.and 0.49 , 1.81 , 0.223 and 2.11% respectively in the leaves of Vistabella CV.

Abstract: To study the effect of foliar application of boron on growth and yield of sugar beet, two representing locations to Nineveh province which are differ in their chemical and physical properties were selected. Four boron levels (0, 2.5, 5 and 7.5) mg B. L-1 were sprayed, as boric acid (17.5% boron), using complete randomized block design (CRBD) with four replicates, the addition of boron was applied once and after the plant have at least six leaves. The results indicated that foliar application of boron resulted in a considerable increase in the fresh root yield of sugar beet in Hawi-Alwasta location 66.97 , 87.37 and 39.47%. However in Hammam Al-Alil location the first and second levels 2.5 and 5 mg B. L-1 as compared to zero boron resulted in an increase in the yield 2.18 and 39.33% respectively, while the highest level of boron 7.5 mg B. L-1 caused a decrease in yield (-12.19%).The foliar application of boron resulted in an increase in sugar percentage 13.95 , 18.60 and 10.46% in first location and 9.09 , 21.81 and 18.18% in second location as compared to zero boron respectively. However the yield of pure sugar in first location were 0.964 , 1.061 , 1.130 and 0.920 T.D-1 and 0.764 , 0.932 , 1.673 and 0.710 T.D-1 in second location.

Abstract: To study the effect of magnesium on cation exchange characteristics, soil samples were collected from salt-affected soils of five locations from Al-Jazeera northern irrigation project of Nenava province-Iraq. Cation exchange experiment between Ca and Mg in the presence of sodium was carried out to quantify the Mg on the accumulation samples with ten electrolyte solutions using chloride salts of NaCl, MgCl2.6H2O and CaCl2.2H2O with ratio of Na: Ca + Mg ranging from 1: 9 to 9: 1. the SAR ranging from (0-40) and the total concentration of the chloride solutions was 100 mmolcl-1. Revealing soils preference for calcium and magnesium was conducted by using electrolyte solutions with different Mg/Ca ratios. The results showed that the selectivity coefficient values of Mg-Ca ranged between (0.466-0.810) with an average 0.622 which reflect that Ca and Mg are not identical in their exchange behavior and the studied soils showed a preference for Ca in comparison with Mg. The examined soils had a tendency to accumulate exchangeable Na when Mg rather than Ca was the complementary cation, the Na-Mg systems had between 11.5-23.7% more exchangeable Na with an average of 19%.

Abstract: This work was carried out on 77 Iranian Mamesh sheep raised at private flock in Erbil plain to study the effect of some non - genetic factors on Birth Weight (BW), Weaning Weight (WW), Daily Gain (DG) on Milk Production (MP). The overall means of BW, WW, DG and MP were 4.99 kg ,30.44 kg ,0.283 kg and 894.85g, respectively .Type of birth ,sex of lamb ,weight and age of dam affected BW,WWand DG significantly (P

Abstract: A natural intergenertic hybrid carp of Barbus luteus and Carassius auratus was recorded in Tigris River–Mosul-Iraq during fish caught in March and April,2008.New hybrid with pink color and short two barbels (3mm) and the number of rays in the dorsal fin IV(10)and the number of pharyngeal teeth (2,3,5-5,3,2) and absence of serrates in third dorsal fin was the same as Barbus luteus ,while the body and mouth shape with constriction in the head and in the number of rays in pectoral fin (14) are the same as in Carassius auratus .But the number of scales in lateral line (28) and the number of gill rackers (17) were characteristic to the hybrid alone.

Abstract: The effect of carrot juice on sperm-head abnormalities was studied in white mice after oral administration , in addition to the effect of cyclophosphamide (Cp) and their interactions in different combinations . Results indicated that carrot juice (0.1 , 0.25 , 0.5 ) ml administrated orally had no effect compared to the background baseline abnormalities . Cp (50mg / Kg of body weight) elevated the abnormalities to 9 – 15 times the background level (Negative control) . These abnormalities were lowered due to the natural repair processes to 5 times on time spans 6 days . Treatment of animals with carrot juice before mutagen (Ca/Cp) had great effect to reduce the abnormalities , followed by using the juice with mutagen (Ca+Cp) treatment , while using the juice after administration of Cp had slight effect to lower the abnormalities .Types of abnormalities were studied ; the sperms lost the hook was induced greatly by Cp and by treatment (Ca+Cp) . However , most types of abnormalities such as sperm with atrophic head or with spherical heads , sperm with hammer shaped heads and sperm with rod shaped heads were lowered in general at significant levels (P

Abstract: The effect of long administration of rocket (J) alternatively with cyclophosphamide (Cp) on some cytogenetic parameters in white mice bone marrow cells was studied , these inlcluded mitotic index (MI) , micronuclei (Mn) formation , and chromosomal aberrations (Ch. ab.) . In addition the effect was studied on germ cell (Sperms) by scoring the number of sperm-head abnormalities and type of abnormalities . Results indicated that Cp reduced the MI by 55 % of the normal value (6.84) , while treatment of rocket with the drug (J+Cp) restored 85.5 % (5.85) of the normal value , followed by (Cp/J) restored 83.3 % (5.7) and the treatment (J/Cp) restored the lowest level 71.5 % (4.89) . Cp raised the Mn to 18.16 which is (17) times the natural value , administration of rocket with the drug simultaneously reduced the number to 6.02 , the best treatment was (Cp/J) as the number lowered to (5.860 , then the treatment J/Cp (6.76) , all of them were higher than the negative control with significant difference (P

Abstract: 10 years old Platanus occidentalis L. had been fallen from Ninava plantation forest to examine the effect of stem height and diameter levels and their interactions on fiber length, fiber lumen diameter, fiber length/diameter ratio, rankle ratio and specific gravity. The results indicated that generally the highest means of fiber length, fiber length/diameter ratio and specific gravity were at the 1st height level (0.3m), then these means decreased gradually by increasing height levels and it reached the lowest mean values at 8th height level (14.3m). the effect of height on fiber diameter, fiber cell thickness and rankle ratio was found to be the lowest mean values at the 1st height level (0.3m), then these means began to increase as height level increased until it reached the highest values at the 5th height level (8.3m), then the mean values of fiber diameter and fiber cell wall thickness decreased gradually until the 8th height level (14.3m), while the lowest mean value rankle ratio was at 7th height level (12.3m) then its value increased a little at the 8th height level. The effect of diameter levels on studied properties showed that the lowest mean fiber length and fiber length/diameter ratio were at the pith, then it decreased gradually until it reached the highest value at the 4th diameter level (near the park). Also it was found that the lowest fiber diameter and fiber cell wall thickness was near the pith, then it increased gradually until it reached the highest value at the 3rd diameter level, then it decreased for little value at the 4th diameter level. The lowest rankle ratio was near the pith, then it increased gradually as the distance get closer to the park. The results also showed that the highest specific gravity was near the pith, then it decreased gradually as the distance become closer to the park until it reached the lowest mean value at the 4th diameter level.

Abstract: The present study was conducted in the forestry department Nursery college of Agriculture summel. during the period of the end of Nov. 2004 to the end of Nov. 2005 to study the effect of the different concentration of GA3 Number and foliar period in growth and development of Quercus infectoria seedling. The study revealed that the concentration 45my/L of GA3 was superiority in all concentrations and gave highest average of the characters length growth dry weight of shoots groups , dry weight Roots groups. Number of lateral roots and rate of shoots: Roots dry weight ratio [ 17.34 cm. 2.31g , 3.25g , 1.58 lateral roots and 0.710]. The four spraying was superiority on the two and three spraying and gave highest average of characters length growth, dry weight shoots groups, dry weight roots group , number lateral roots and rate of shoots: roots dry weight ratio [13.37cm , 1.88g , 2.77g , 1.39 lateral root and 0.669]. Regarding foliar periods the three month period was superiority in all the periods and gave highest average in all characters [12.84 cm , 1.83g , 2.71g , 1.37 lateral roots and 0.665] .

Abstract: This study was carried out at Ninevah plantation Nursery in Mosul city, during the period from mid January to the end of October (1999) to investigate the effect of four collection times, and four cutting lengths, using tow planting methods (Vertical and Horizontal) in propagation of Salix seedlings. This experiment conducted as factorial experiment in Randomize of completely Block Design with three factors and three blooks. At the end of the experiment number of branches, number of leaves, leave area and dry weight of the stem, branches and leaves was studies. The results showed that the collection time (15 February), cutting length (30 cm.) and vertical planting method was the best and it gave higher means for all studied characteristics. The result also showed that the following interaction between (collection cutting time 15 February and cutting length 30 cm.), (collection cutting time 15 February and vertical planting method), (cutting length 30 cm. and vertical planting method) and among (collection cutting time 15 February and cutting length 30 cm. and vertical planting method) were the best among other interactions.

Abstract: The study aims to using the surface water's drainage system maps which prepared from the aerial photographs to draw the gully erosion maps of Kand Anticline and its surrounding areas in northern Iraq. Gully erosion means and its intensity at different positions of study area were calculated. Its relation with the distributed geomorphological aspects in the study area to determine the effects and deformation of soil that affects an engineering structures such as Weirs and Check Dams. The analysis of gully erosion map which prepared by using computer program (Surfer 32) revealed that. The area has been affected by gully erosion in three zones, where as light gully zone formed 14.95% of the area, moderate gully zone formed 44.33% of the study area and the severe gully zone formed 40.72% of the total area. This show that the area interfere from moderate to severe gully erosion effects.

Abstract: This study comprised four locally cultivated bread wheat varieties ; (Abu – Ghraib 3, IPA, 99, Tamoaz 2, and Iraq) which were sown in 2003 – 2004 under rain fed and supplementary irrigation (SI) with two levels of nitrogen fertilizer (0 and 80 kg N. ha¯1). The harvested grains stored for 3.5 year under room temperature before measuring the parameters. The purpose of this study was to find out the effect of (SI) and N. fertilizer on some physiochemical properties. The results indicated significant differences in protein contents, seed hardness, granularity, width, thickness, solvent retention capacity and protein sedimentation value among varieties. Nitrogen fertilizer affected all these parameters, the second order interaction had no significant effect. Generally N. fertilizer and varieties had a great influence on these criteria comparing with the supplementary irrigation.

Abstract: Seven durum wheat entries (Triticum durum Desf.) were used in this study . Six of them (Omgenil-3, Albit-9, Azeghar-2, Azul-5, Mna-1/Rfm-7, 1346/Lahn /Bcr/LKS4) introduced from (ICARDA) , in addition to the local growing variety (Waha) . The studied traits were : No. of days to 50% flowering , plant height, No. of spikes per plant , spike length , No. of grains per spike , biological yield per plant , grain yield per plant , harvest index , 1000-grain weight and protein percentage . These traits were genetically analyzed using Method-1 , Fixed Model of Griffing (1956) . Genotypes (Parents , F1s and reciprocals) were different at 1% significant level of probability for all the traits . General combining ability variances were significantly different for No. of days to flowering , plant height , No. of spikes per plant , spike length , 1000-grain weight , biological yield per plant and protein percentage . Specific combining ability variances were significantly different for plant height , No. of spikes per plant , biological yield per plant , grain yield per plant , harvest index and protein percentage . Reciprocal variances were significant for all the traits except for harvest index . Albit-9 and Azul-5 were superior in their general combining ability effects over the others . The crosses (Azeghar-2×Mna-1) , (Omgenil-3×Albit-9) , (Omgenil-3× Azegar-2) , (Albit-9×1346/Lahn) , (Albit-9×Waha) were superior over the others in the specific combining ability effects for all the traits .

Abstract: The study was conducted during seasons 2006-2007 in semi assured rainfed region (Rashedyi Region) with silty clay soil, to know the possibility of using seed drill (Gaspardo SC-250) and its effects in some characteristics of mechanization and planting of chickpea.(RCBD) was designed split plot design on three replication, the main plot were employed for different spacing planting (14.7, 29.4, 44.1) cm and sub plots were employed sowing depths (6-8 , 9-11) cm . The results indicated that the possibility of using seed drill (Gaspardo SC-250) for planting chickpeas at a distance (44.1) cm because it achieved the highest results on some yield and its component were compared with others and less deviation ratio between the rows .Data also indicated that sowing depth (9-11) cm achieved significant differences for slippage percentage , deviation among planting rows, and crop yield .the interaction between achieved row spacing (44.1) cm with sowing depth (9-11) cm has achieved the best results on growth and yields properties.