Abstract: Wheat production under climate of northern Iraq depends mainly on annual rain quantity and its distribution. Generally the annual rate is low and poorly distributed ,as a result the yield is low and unstable. Accordingly it has been suggested that small amounts of supplementary irrigation (SI) can alleviate the adverse effects of such unfavorable rain pattern, moreover the optimum dose of nitrogen fertilization is an important factor boosting wheat production and improving quality. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of nitrogen fertilizer and abridged (SI) on yield and grain quality. Field experiments were performed during the growing season 2003-2004 at two locations laying out as split-split plot design in RCBD, involving four promising bread cultivars as sub-sub plot, two levels of N fertilizer (zero and 80 kg N/ha) as sub-plot under rainfall alone and with (SI) as a main plot added at booting and heading stages at a rate of 25 mm for each stage. The results showed that N fertilizer had a significant effect on grain yield, grain protein content at both locations. The (SI) affected significantly number of grain/spike, grain yield, the interactions between factors were significant for most characters.

Abstract: The study tackles the effect of agricultural investment in developing the agricultural sector in iraq for the period 1880-2000.analysis has been made by the minimum square method in two stages (2.s.l.s). Linear function has been chosen as the best means for the equation in accordance with economic aspects representing the correlation between agricultural investment being a variance and the limited factors being independent variances. They are agricultural loons to form the fixed agricultural capital, G. D. P., trade balance, chemical technology, mechanical technology, agricultural work force, agricultural domestic product. It is clear from analysis the significance of all variances (forming fixed capital, trade balance, mechanical technology, agricultural domestic product).as for the second stage of estimation, values of agricultural investment have been used being a variance and the agricultural growth being a variance dependent upon the decided function. There is also a negative correlation between the agricultural product growth and the agricultural investment. This correlation shows the negative reflections of both war and blockade as well as concentrating investment expenditure upon projects of infrastructure and reconstruction neglecting protects of agricultural product, all this has led to the weakness of agricultural investment and in consequence the weakness of the agricultural product growth.

Abstract: Rain agriculture of cereal crops is submitted on a high level of risk and uncertainty especially in the relative importance of agricultural areas which depend upon such a type of irrigation. Acreage productivity undo rain production conditions is full of risks due to the difference of rain full and its distribution. Therefore, the research tries to measure the type of the relation between Barely and Wheat crops production from one side and the level of rain fall through the stages of plant growth from another for the period 1980-2000 in Nineveh province. This quantity limit has its own importance directly upon food product and Iraqi food security. Depending upon the hypothesis which says that there is a strong relation between the ratios of rainfall and the productivity of both Wheat and Barely. There is also another strong relation between rain distribution upon the main stages of plant growth and the productivity of acreage for both crops .Econometric and analytical results have confirmed that there is a significant relation between rainfall and the productivity of both Wheat and Barely crops as a dependent variance. Also, there is a variation in relative importance for the relation between dependent variance and the distributional nature of rains during the stages of plant growth for the two crops of the study.

Abstract: Four experiments were carried out at the research field of horticulture Dept, Agriculture & Forestry college, Mosul University, during 2004-2005 growing season to investigate the ability of boosting drought resistance in four faba bean cultivars by foliar spraying of alar (B9) at rates of 0, 250, 500, 750 and 1000 mg. L‾¹.; cultar (ppp3) at rates of 0, 50, 75 and 100 mg L‾¹; indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) at rates of 0, 50, 75 and 100 mg. L‾¹ and naphthalene acetic acid at rates of 0, 25, 50 and 75 mg. L‾¹ at the commence of flowering and was repeated after 2 weeks. Experiment 1 , 250 mg. L‾¹ alar was the most effective treatment in enhancing drought resistance of Aquadulce cultivar. It increased yield of dry seeds (52.8%). Furthermore, it improved stomata behaviors to sustain gas exchange good through increasing stomata populations and reducing their aperture dimensions. Experiment 2 results exhibited that 50 mg. L‾¹ cultar rate was the most suitable treatment for increasing drought resistance of Local Syrian cultivar. It gave dry seed yield increases of 48.4%, in relation to check. In addition to that it highly modified stomata dimensions to improve gases exchanges. Experiment 3 results displayed that 75 mg.L‾¹ IBA rate applied on Babylon cultivar was the most potent treatment in relation to untreated treatment. It substantially increased the yield of dry seeds (86.4%), when compared to untreated control. Finally, experiment 4 results revealed that the application of 25 mg.L‾¹ NAA on the determinate Taka357 cultivar showed profound increases in yield of dry seeds (30.5%), as compared to control.

Abstract: This investigation was conducted in green house of Department of Horticulture , College of Agriculture and Forestry , Mosul University . The aim of this work is to study the effects of four planting date, August , November , February and May after treated the cutting with IBA+NAA mixture at 0+0 ( control ) , 1000+1000 and 1500+1500 mg /l in quick – dip method ,in addition to wounding or without . The results of this investigation were showed that planting date had a great effect on rooting , planting the cuttings in February and November gave 88.19 and 100 % . All rooting characters were improved when the cuttings wounded before planting . On other hand , the cuttings treated with a mixture of IBA+NAA at concentration 1000+1000 mg/l gave best results 70.31% largest number of roots per cutting 7.19 longest roots 5.19 cm and largest number of shoot 0.54 shoot/ cutting . by wounding the terminal cuttings of Cotoneaster prostrata and planted in November and February treated with a mixture of IBA+NAA at concentration 1000+1000 mg / l gave best result for rooting and vegetative growth.

Abstract: This experiment was conducted out Nineveh research station during 2001-2002 season to study the effect of four levels of nitrogen fertilizer (0, 10, 20 and 30kg N/donum) and four concentrations of kinetin (0, 50, 100 and 150 ppm) and their interaction on the growth of one year old of plum (Prunus myroblane Ehrh.) seedlings. A factorial experiment with three replications was carried out in a randomized complete block design (RCBD), each replicate was consist of 30 seedlings. Data Obtained of this research was tested by using Duncan Multiple range test at 5% level, the important results of this study could be summarized as following: The Most of nitrogen fertilizer treatments significant increase all characters of the vegetative and root growth of the plum seedlings (stem length, stem diameters, dry weight of vegetative system) and roots, leaves contents of nitrogen and Chlorophyll. The addition of kinetin treatments as caused a significant increase in stem diameter, nitrogen concentration in the leaves and total chlorophyll, but there is no significant increases in stem length, dry weigh of vegetative growth and roots. The interaction treatments between nitrogen and kinetin affected significantly in most of the vegetative characters of the growth, dry weight of roots, nitrogen content in leaves, total chlorophyll concentration of leaves. The best treatments was 30kg N/donum + zero mg/L kinetin in stem length 30kg N/donum + 190 mg/L kinetin in stem diameter, nitrogen concentration in leaves total chlorophyll content ,30Kg N/donum + 100 mg/L kinetin in dry weight vegetative growth .

Abstract: This experiment was carried out during the period from April, 20th 2004 to June, 25th 2005 in a plastic house at Al-Shallal nursery in Mosul, to investigate the effects of four planting dates (April, July, October and January) and four IBA concentrations (0, 500, 1000 and 2000) mg.L-1, using talc, on rooting of Carissa geandiflora shoot tip cuttings. A Complete Randomized Design (CRD) was applied including 16 treatments each was replicated three times and each experimental unit consists of 10 cuttings. Data were tested by Duncan multiple test at 5%. Results could be summerized as follows : Planting cuttings in 20th April and 20th July gave best results 95.8% and 97.5% rooting percentage respectively but then declined to 49.2% in October and without rooting in January after 10 weeks from planting date. All IBA treatments caused a significant increase in all rooting parameters, the most effective treatment was 2000 mg.L-1. Using 2000 mg.L-1 in April gave rooting percentage 100%, number of roots/cutting 16.6, average length of roots 12.2 cm, dry root weight 0.35 gm, average cutting length 17.4 cm and number of pear leaves 10.46 pear, with 1.5 shoots/cutting.

Abstract: This study was conducted at the lath house of Nineva Horticulture station/ Mosul-Iraq throughout 2004 seasons. The aim was to study the effect of the stratification periods of 0, 60, 90 and 120 days at (5 ± 1°c) on three cultivators of hazelnut seeds Corylus avellana, ُُEmadia local type, Barcelona and Kenttish cob hazelnut which had been soaked in three concentrations of Gibberellic acid at zero, 250 and 500 mg.lit-1 respectively, to improve and increase the average of subsequently seedlings growth. The seeds had been planted at the beginning of March 2004.The results asserted that the increased stratification periods and the soaking of the seeds in Gibberellic acid have significant effect on their subsequently seedling growth.The study also revealed that there has been a clear-cut difference as regard to the response of the cultivators of the hazelnuts under study and as follows: Barcelona seeds was soaked in 500 mg.lit-1 GA3 and stratified for 90 days had recorded the hightest average of seedling leaf area , dry vegetative weight and the average of the main root lentgh , 1050.0 cm2/seedling ,22.60 gram / seedling and 26.85 cm., respectively .Barcelona seeds stratified for 120 days and soaked in to 250 mg.lit-1 (GA3) had given the highest of mean vegetative fresh weight of 38.20 gm/seedling.The highest average of the fresh vegetative weight and the dry weight of roots, 46.55 gm. and 21.25 gm. respectively had been of Barcelona cultivator grown out of the seeds which stratified at 90 days and soaked at 250 mg.lit-1 (GA3).

Abstract: Laboratory experiment was conducted to isolate and select the most efficient bacterial and fungal isolates in rock phosphate solubilization in culture medium. Results showed that bacterial isolates exhibited a different efficiencies in their ability to solubilize rock phosphate. Bacillus subtilis and Pseudomonas fluorescence were the greatest efficient among other bacterial isolates tested (14 isolates) in their acids production and decreasing medium pH value which droped to 5.35 and 5.2 and increasing in available phosphorous to 50 and 56 mg P. L-1 after 24 days incubation respectively. The correlation coefficient (R2) between incubation time and pH value were 0.65 and 0.59 while the correlation between pH value and available phosphorous were high reached 0.98 in both bacterias. Results also showed that fungal isolates which related to the genera Alternaria and Aspergillus were the greatest efficient among other fungal isolates tested (14 isolates) in their acid production and decreasing pH value , which droped to 4.7 and 3.35 with increasing in available phosphorous to 77.7 and 118.3 mg P. L-1 after 24 days incubation respectively. The correlation coefficient between incubation time and pH value were 0.33 and 0.6 while the correlation between pH value and available phosphorous were 0.65 and 0.45 respectively .

Abstract: The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of boiled extracts of Olive leaves on some Physiological and Productive Parameters in Males and Female Rabbits as glucose and lipid profile , as well as , their reflection on food intake , feed efficiency .The study was carried on rabbits (8-10 weeks old) divided .into 3 groups ( males) and 3 groups (females) . The1st group was drenched with distilled water and served as control group , the 2nd group was treated with Olive leaves boiled extract (2500 mg/kg B.w.t.) orally daily for 10 weeks . To determine the hypoglycemic effect per se of Olive leaves animals in the 3rd group were treated with Daonil (200 g/kg B.w.t.) orally daily for 10 weeks .Then blood obtained at the end of 10th weak of treatment . Results showed a significant decrease in blood glucose level in the treated groups .These effects were associated with a significant decrease in food intake with a tendency to increase body weight and a significant improvement in feed efficiency . The response was better in females than in males .Treatment with Olive leaves boiled extract caused a significant decrease in cholesterol level in male rabbits , and produced a significant increase in HDL-C in both sex , while it caused a significant decrease in LDL-C in males, These alterations in HDL-C and LDL-C were reflected in the significant improvement of risk ratio . To determine the duration of the effective hypoglycemic effect of the Olive leaves extract , a separate experiment was carried out on both sex ,the hypoglycemic effects continued significantly for 12 hrs in the Olive leaves treated on males and females , In general , the olive leaves effects was paralled to those of Daonil , this observation will sustain the suggestion that the Olive leaves Posses an insulin – like compounds , and the variations observed in the present study may due to the presence of several compounds in Olive leaves which enhances its effects in this regard .

Abstract: Two types of whey protein concentrates were prepared,one from acid whey and the other from sweet whey .These preparations were acetylated and succinylated to various degrees and their functional properties were assessed. Acetylation or succinylation of different whey protein concentrates decreased protein ,lactose and fat,but their total solid and gel strength were increased. Functional properties of sweet and acid whey protein concentrates were more effected by acetylation compared to succinylation. Nine treatments of yoghurt were made to study the effect of fortification of cow milk with acetylated and succinylated whey protein concentrates on the quality of yoghurt at 2 and 4% ratios. Total protein,ash and curd tension ,while whey syneresis decreased by fortification of cow milk with acetylated and succinylated whey protein concentrates through zero,1,3 and 4 days of the storage period. This effect was greater with 4 fortification .Results showed that ash% were higher in the yoghurt fortified with acid whey protein concentrate compared to that of sweet whey protein concentrate. Organoleptic scores of yoghurt fortified with acetylated and succinylated whey protein concentrates to 2.0% were not significantly different from those of the control yoghurt. The yoghurt fortified with 2.0% gained the highest organoleptic scores and was the most acceptable product.

Abstract: Two types of whey protein concentrates were prepared,one from acid whey and the other from sweet whey .These preparations were acetylated and succinylated to various degrees and their functional properties were assessed. Acetylation or succinylation of different whey protein concentrates decreased protein ,lactose and fat,but their total solid and gel strength were increased. Functional properties of sweet and acid whey protein concentrates were more effected by acetylation compared to succinylation. Nine treatments of yoghurt were made to study the effect of fortification of cow milk with acetylated and succinylated whey protein concentrates on the quality of yoghurt at 2 and 4% ratios. Total protein,ash and curd tension ,while whey syneresis decreased by fortification of cow milk with acetylated and succinylated whey protein concentrates through zero,1,3 and 4 days of the storage period. This effect was greater with 4 fortification .Results showed that ash% were higher in the yoghurt fortified with acid whey protein concentrate compared to that of sweet whey protein concentrate. Organoleptic scores of yoghurt fortified with acetylated and succinylated whey protein concentrates to 2.0% were not significantly different from those of the control yoghurt. The yoghurt fortified with 2.0% gained the highest organoleptic scores and was the most acceptable product.

Abstract: This study was put to investigate the possibility of utilizing E. camaldulensis bark extract as an adhesive for particleboards manufacturing after the determination of their tannins content. Bark extracts were extracted by using either hot water or 1% Na2CO3 (both gave an acceptable percent of extracted tannin). Prior to panels manufacturing, the concentrated extracts were hydroxymethylated with para-formaldehyde which normally releases formaldehyde during hot pressing. Panels were manufactured using either hydroxymethylated hot water extract or hydroxymethylated Na2CO3 extract, all at three levels of pressing temperature (160, 175, 190 c◦.) and two levels of pressing time (10 and 15 minute). A 10% resin content was used to get a panels target density of 0.55 gm/cm3. The physical and mechanical properties of the produced panels were tested. The results indicated, that by using hot water hydroxymethylated extract, a better values of the different studied properties were obtained, especially with those panels which manufactured at 175c◦.press temperature and 15 minute pressing time, but in general the average values of such panels did not exceed the values of the same properties given in the American standard for particleboards properties.

Abstract: The experiment was carried out at fields of college of agriculture and forestry, university of Mosul to study the effect of two forward speeds (2.22 and 4.95) km/hr and three states of rear shield of rotary cultivator (narrow, medium and wide) on number of soil agregates 5cm/m2, bulk density, porosity, cutting depth, cutting width, practical forward speed, volume of disturbing soil, slippage percentage, coefficient of cutting width and weed control percentage. Results showed that the effect of interaction between forward speeds and rear shield states was significant in all studied characteristics except the bulk density, porosity and slippage percentage. The speed 2.22 km/hr showed higher significance in the number of soil agregates 5cm/m2, cutting depth, cutting width, coefficient of cutting width and weed control percentage. The narrow state of rear shield showed higher significance in the number of soil agregates 5cm/m2. The weed control percentage was increased whereas the distance of rear shield from rotor shaft was increased.

Abstract: A tow–stage study was conducted in the laboratories of mosul Technical Institute in 2005, It aimed, specifying the mineral, chimerical and mechanical aspects of a sub soil plow. After that its basic dimensions were stated in order to show its design and structure by applying (ANSYS) programme as to analyse its which are stresses and show its degree of tolerance to this stresses resulting a simulated conditions as possible. A number of situations were tested such as stress toward axis (X, Y, Z), also, the principle-stress σ1 and σ2 (N/mm2) and Deflection (mm). Secondly, the filed estimation of the plow performance was tested which forward speed factor appliedcn tow together 2.52, 3.60 Km/h was adopted and studying their effect on some characterstics such as depth and width of the drill and percentage the percentage of lateral adge and the number of prominent soil blocks which have diameters exceeding (10) cm/m2. The results show the plow surface hardness was 350 HB while yield stress reached (864N/mm2) and tensile strength was (1125N/mm2), In the middle of the chisel the hardness was less than 184 HB, yield stress (417N/mm2) and tensile strength 625 N/mm2, analysis of the chisel stress shows that. The principle stress were 119.98 N/mm2, followed by Von-Mises 111.12 N/mm2 compared with other stress. As the speed was concerned there was no significant difference in drill depth, width of lateral edges and the number of prominent soil blocks while 2.52 Km/h speed had the widest drill 22.90 cm as compared with 3.60 Km/h.

Abstract: Purified caffeine showed the best efficiency in the inhibiting the infection caused by CMV in vitro, when mixed its solution with crude sap of infected plant, followed by the extraction of dried flower of carnation, then by tea extraction, by using Chenopodium amaranticolor as indicator plant, while the antibiotic, chloramphenicol showed the best inhibiting effect on this virus in vitro, then followed by penicillin, but mercurochrome did not showed any effect on CMV. The extractions of carnation flower, caffeine and tea showed inhibiting effect on CMV in vivo, chloramphenicol also inhibited CMV in vivo, whereas penicillin and mercurochrome did not showed any inhibition effect on this virus.

Abstract: The study showed the incidence of mosaic in squush fields in Ninevah province at high percentage veached to 100% at autumn season/2002,and this was associated with high population of two species of aphids, Myzus persicae and Aphis craccivora which regarded as a more important vectors of squash viruses . Zucchim yellw mosaic virus and Cucumber mosaic Cucumovirus were identified as a causal agents of squash mosaic These viruse were diagnosed by indicator plants and serologically by agglutination test by using antisera of ZYMV and CMV. The results of permanent samples of thin sections examined by electron microscope revealed deformations in infected squash cells and organelles, and presence of crystal bodies in cytoplasm.

Abstract: Survey of eggplant fields showed that 93.33% of the fields were infected with root– knot nematodes , the mean of the infection was 33.33% in these fields reaching it’s maximum value (51.66% ) in the fields of Salamia area while it’s minimum value was 16.66% in the fields of Mosul area . The highest population density of nematode was found in the soil of one of the fields of Rabee’a area and the lowest in another field in the same area . Distribution of root–knot nematode species in eggplant fieids showed the presence of M.javanica and M. incognita .The former one was more widespread . Susceptibility of eggplant cultivars against M. javanica revealed that the cultivars differed among themselves.The cultivar Alton Kopri was the most susceptibile one, while Black beauty was with medium resistance. M.javanica completed its lifecycle in the roots of cultivars Al-Ton Kobri, Asil Zakholi (local) and Syrian in 27,30 and 32 days respectively, while nematode could not complete its life cycle in the roots of Tarhi and Black beauty cultivers.