Abstract: This research was conducted in the field of Gerdarasha at college of Agricultural Engineering Sciences/ University of Salahaddin- Erbil during the winter season of 2020-2021. It shows the effect of zinc and manganese applied as foliar spray, on some growth parameters and yield of flaxseed (Linum usitatissimum L.). A factorial experimental design was applied in a randomized complete block design with three replications; the first factor represents three levels of Zinc: (0, 200 and 400) ppm and the second factor was three concentrations of manganese (0, 200 and 400) ppm. The combined effect of foliar application by 400 Zn and 400 ppm of Mn, produced the highest value of a plant height, leaf area, LAI, dry matter, crop growth rate and secondary branches, number No. of capsules plant -1, capsule weight (g), number of seeds capsule-1, weight of 100 seed (g) seed yield (kg. ha-1), oil content% and oil yield (kg. ha-1), while 200 ppm Mn obtained the highest value for fruiting height (cm) and primary branches. The interaction between (Zn 400 with 400) ppm of Mn recorded the highest value of a plant height, leaf area, LAI, dry matter, crop growth rate, secondary branches, number No. of capsules plant -1, capsule weight (g), number of seeds capsule-1, weight of 1000 seed (g), and oil content%. On the other hand, the interaction (400 Zn with 200) ppm of Mn recorded the highest value in fruiting height (cm) and primary branches, secondary branches, seed yield (kg. ha-1) and oil yield (kg.ha -1). 

Abstract: Silicone and   Glutathione   application are   including systemic acquired resistance or resistance induced against plant diseases against. It is a successful means to control plant rot disease and it leads to fundamental effects on the physiology of the host,  as Silicone and   Glutathione  use in    as induced resistance agent  hostile to   Fusarium  solani   causal agent of Broad bean root rot  disease .The results  of  this study appeared  that Silicone and   Glutathione application have  make less  root tot  incidence  and severity  in  Broad bean plants and  increase   resistance-Linked   enzymes  Action  of Peroxidase (POD) Polyphenol Oxidase (PPO) superoxide dismutase  (SOD ) and Total Phenols (TP) in   Broad bean infected roots  with F. solani   treated with  Silicone and   Glutathione. This indicates the ability of silicon and glutathione to induce resistance against fungus in bean plants by increasing the activity of polyphenol oxidase, peroxidase, and superoxide enzymes. These results are promising for the use of silicon and glutathione to control root rot infection of broad bean caused by F. solani. 

Abstract: In this review article attempt is made to present a comprehensive on growth and development of small ruminants (sheep and goat) using allometric growth coefficient of carcass composition (lean, fat and bone) and non-carcass components (edible and non-edible organs organs). It seems that allometry coefficient (b) for bone is precocious (b<1) and demonstrating a declining proportion of the component with increasing carcass and empty body weight. Similarly, it appears that lean part has growth coefficient (b<1) indicating lower impetus than the whole animal and they decline as a proportion of live body weight as the animal proceeds to maturity. With regard to different depots of fat, in the body, it seems that subcutaneous fat grow at a higher rate that intramuscular fat, and non-carcass fat depots is an early mature. Also, most of vital organs (heart, kidney, liver and spleen) had growth coefficient less than are indicating they are early maturing.

Abstract: Bread (Tiry and Samoon), a special and vital bread in a Kurdistan region- Iraq, which people consume daily in their meals. Tiry bread and Samoon contain some macro and micro minerals. Also, consumption of bread is the course of enter the heavy metals into food chain. In this study, wheat and barley flour is used to produce the Tiry bread and Samoon, and some macro and micro minerals in both (wheat and barley) flour and breads that produces them are indicated. In addition, the effect of minerals in bread and Samoon are displayed on human health in a long period. A total of 16 minerals were indicated from breads and flour by Inductive Coupled Plasma (ICP). The highest concentration of Fe, CD, Mn Zn, Cu, and Cr were obtained from barley Turkish flour (28.967, 0.035, 30.723, 20.445, 4.989 and 1.206 mg/kg). Furthermore, the highest V, Mo, B, Ba, and Sb were obtained from TBF (1.713, 1.01, 1.48, 4.038, 0.408 mg/kg). The results of the study showed that the concentration of (Fe, Cd, Mn, Zn, Pb, Se, Ni, Ci, Cr, V, Mo, B, Mg, Ba, Sb and As) in a limited range providing by FAO/WHO. Also, the daily intake and PTWi in some of them are high. but not higher than the range of limitation.  

Abstract: This study is designed to indicate some properties and concentration of some heavy metals in four types of canned tomato paste product (TP) with two types of homemade (HM). The canned tomato paste were purchased from the local market in Sulaimani, Kurdistan-Iraq, during 2021-2022. The highest of pH, moisture %, and Lycopene mg/kg were obtained from HM1 (4.94, 77.6 %, 280.983 mg/kg), and the lowest were obtained from TP4 (2.84) for pH, TP2 (66.02 %) for moisture, and TP3 (105.248 mg/kg) for lycopene. Moreover, the maximum of Brix and T. sugar % were obtained from TP1 (28.9 and 3.733 %), and the minimum Brix was recorded from HM1 (18.30), minimum T. Sugar % (1.433 %) from HM2. In addition, the T. acidity % and T.S % ranged between (1.963 – 2.66 %), (22.4 – 33.2 %). The heavy metals in tomato paste were indicated by using (Inductive couple plasma optical spectrometry ICP). The results obtained from this study were compared to the FAO/WHO and CODIX, 2009 standard limit levels. The HM1 was recorded the highest concentration of Fe, Zn, Pb, Ni, Cu, and Cr (59.34, 79.76, 0.169, 9.913, 23.646, and 2.437 mg/kg), and the concentration of Fe, Zn, Ni, Cu, Mn, Cr were above the level limits. Also, the highest concentration of Mn, Cd, Se, As, and Sn ranged between (12.06 – 8.86 mg/kg), (0.89 – 0.046 mg/kg), (0.077 – 0.048 mg/kg), (0.0.96 – 0.011 mg/kg), and (0.132 – 0.085 mg/kg)....

Abstract: This study was conducted at two locations; the field of Khabat Technical Institute-Erbil Polytechnic University and field of agriculture directory in Harir-Erbil, during spring 2021. To study the effect of seed priming with manganese and boron on growth, yield and quality of chickpea. A randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications was used, the first factor represented priming of seeds by four concentrations of manganese: (0, 2, 4 and 6 g liter-1) and second factor boron (0, 2, 4 and 6 g liter-1). Seed priming by 4 g liter-1 of manganese and 4 g liter-1 of boron from Harir location produced the heights of plant height (cm), leaf area (cm2), leaf area index, dry matter (g m2), number of pod plant-1, number of seeds pod-1, weight of 100 seeds (g), seed yield (kg ha-1) and protein yield (kg ha-1). The heights percentage of protein%, oil% and nitrogen% was recorded at 2 g liter-1 of Mn and B, while carbohydrate%, phosphorus% and potassium% recorded at 4 g liter-1 of Mn and 2 g liter-1 of B from both locations. From interaction between manganese and boron concentrations was from Harir location at 4 g liter-1 of Mn with 4 g liter-1 of B for all growth parameters, yield and yield components, but the heights percentage of protein%, oil% and nitrogen%, was recorded from interaction Mn with B at 2 g liter-1, while carbohydrate%, phosphorus% and potassium% was recorded at 4 g liter-1 Mn with 2 g liter-1 B from both locations.  

Abstract: Nowadays, additions in poultry feeding are a must in any product of factories producing feedings due to their importance in enhancing general health of birds. this importance of additions comes from enhancing growth, stop diseases. to enhance physical properties of feedings, their nutritional value as well as enhance features of storing feedings. compositions of feedings, the additions differ according to type of animals, their surrounding environment, and between one country and another. Thus, came idea of this research: to know additions to feedings between Iraq and Poland. Differences come from type of poultry, structure of feeding. researchers depended on literature framework statistics because this research is a case study of two different countries in two different continents. Iraqi poultry industry was and still dependent greatly on importing important production items like hackles, basic feeding ingredients like yellow corn, soybean meals, protein concentrate, medicines and vaccines. 

Abstract: This research is theoretical research, this research aims to compare the reality of agriculture and organic agriculture between Iraq and Poland as well as identifying the reality of organic agriculture between Iraq and Poland, as well as knowing the cultivated agricultural areas and the number of organic fields in the two countries, and knowing the livestock between Iraq and Poland. The results show that the one, of the most significant threats to agricultural development is continued dependence on oil revenues, diverting the attention of policymakers and many Iraqi populations from the need for correct and balanced development, built on many sectors of economic. Also, the Poland is a large producer for plant production and animal production, Poland is renowned producer for wheat, rye and barley, oat, potatoes, sugar beets, rape seed, it occupies leading position in EU in apple and tobacco. As well as products of animal origin meat; cow milk, chicken, eggs, cattle and pigs.  

Abstract: The spiny bollworm, (SBW) Earias insulana (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) is considered one of the most important corn pests in the world. It causes severe damage, resulting in a great loss in both quality and quantity of Maize yield. The study aimed to evaluate the virulence of fungal spores and silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) from entomopathogenic fungi (EPF) on E. insulana under laboratory conditions. Concentrations of the fungal spores and the silver nanoparticles were prepared from Metarhizium anisopliae, Beauveria bassiana, and Verticillium lecanii. Metarhizium anisopliae isolated from larvae and adults of the beet moth and Beauveria bassiana isolated from the beet beetle. The compound was used Bio Catch (V. lecanii). The concentration of EPF used was (1x106 spores/ ml). Hundred larvae and pupae were used for each treatment, divided into 5 groups, and kept at 24±2 ºC and 65±5 % R.H. Silver nanoparticles were synthesized. The nano-particle solution was sprinkled over the filter paper and incubated at 24±2ºC for 3 days. The mortality rate was recorded 2 days after the treatment and mortality percentage was calculated. One-way ANOVA was used to compare the effects of the experimental and control treatments. The results showed that the three EPF achieved (47–70%) mortality rates within 6 days in larvae stage. B. bassiana and M. anisopliae were the most effective ones than V. lecanii. Spores of B. bassiana increased larvae mortality. The larvae mortality rate was (70 %) higher than the control. Pupae mortality rate was 65 % achieved in 6 days when treated with B. bassiana, (60 %) with M. anisopliae and (50%) with V. lecanii. B. bassiana was more effective on E. insulana than M. anisopliae and V. lecanii. The Ag NPs synthesized through applications of spore suspension and biosynthesized silver nanoparticles showed efficacy against E. insulana, different stages.

Abstract: Due to the adverse effects of continuous climate change on agricultural production and the increased food demand globally, there is an urgent need to use new strategies to improve agricultural production in a sustainable manner and maximize the efficiency of available natural resources. Nanotechnology represents a key tool for the advancement of agriculture with biotechnology, which could be a new management practice that increases the efficiency of agricultural resources and reduces the excessive use of agrochemicals, which pose a serious threat to the environmental system, while also producing healthy and safe food, reducing production costs, and preserving the environment. Nanotechnology includes several tools, including nanomaterials such as nano fertilizers and nano pesticides, in addition to nano-packaging materials, nano-devices such as sensors, nano-robots, and nano-barcode devices. There are three main methods used in the manufacture of nanomaterials, including chemical, physical, and biological routes, the chemical route is the most widespread so far. Nanotechnology is one of the important tools that have a profound impact on agricultural practices to enhance growth and increase crop yield. Nanoparticles, due to their unique properties, provide many benefits, whether in improving the growth and productivity of different crops, reducing the quantities of fertilizers used, reducing the negative effects of climate change on production, or diagnosing diseases in their early stages. Nano fertilizers could be applied as a foliar or soil application, so they are considered one of the most important applications in agriculture due to their numerous benefits. 

Abstract: Background: Maize plants are infested with many insect pests. The corn borer, namely: the greater sugarcane borer (the pink borer), Sesamia cretica Led. is one of the most injurious insects infesting maize in Egypt and all over the world. Results: Results illustrated that the mortality percentage within 48 hours of S. cretica after feeding 4th instar larvae on maize leaves treated with various plant extracts with alcohol or petroleum- ether shows varying degrees of mortality percentages. Petroleum ether extract of Cressa cretica was extremely effective, causing 87.5% mortality. Petroleum ether extracts of Amborosia maritima, Calotropis procera, and alcohol extract of C. cretica, causing 77.5% mortality. The effectiveness may be due to the presence of diverse chemical groups in these plant extracts with toxic to the larvae of the pink borer. On the other hand, extracts of Lycopersicum esculentum, Lotus glenoid, Aerva javanica, Carpobrotus edulis, Capsium annum, and Cassia senna have been minimum toxic effect and causing 7.5, 10.0, 12.5, and 12.5 % mortality, respectively. The influence of minimal toxic plant extracts as antifeedant to the pink borer (S. cretica) was studied. Food consumption varied depending on the feeding time and extracts tested. The feeding ratio of S. cretica on the different extracts was significantly different. The anti-feeding activity of extracts appears to have had a higher effect than its toxicity.

Abstract: As a nation, Iraq is currently experiencing climate change impacts that are comparable to or even worse than those of many other nations. The effects of these climate changes are being felt in the form of global warming, changes to the elements that drive weather, and sea level rise. Iraq is experiencing water stress due to rising temperatures, declining precipitation rates, altered distribution patterns, and rising evaporation. However, they initiate a chain reaction of other changes, such as droughts, desertification, and sandstorms. The southern portion of the Tigris-Euphrates basin is threatened by flooding, and Iraq's ports and coastline are at risk due to the predicted rise in sea level. So far, the agricultural sector in Iraq has been severely impacted by the decreased water availability for arable lands. These discharges have already been exacerbated by the unequal distribution of water resources by Turkey, the primary source of water for the two rivers. All previous projections and studies indicate that the current negative climate change trends are likely to continue into the foreseeable future. Loss of cultivable land to desertification, recurrent droughts and sand storms, and declining agriculture are the pattern of change in Iraq's already fragile environment; and this will inevitably lead to much more suffering for the population and social unrest in the future. These will contribute to the enormous pressures that all future governments will face if the government does not implement protective planning and solutions.

Abstract: Nanoparticle foliar spray is a new approach and effective for improving seedling growth and survival with adverse conditions such as salt stress. The current study was conducted to investigate the impact of commercial silicon dioxide (SiO2), SiO2 nanoparticles (SiO2 NPs), commercial chitosan (CS), CS nanoparticles (CS NPs) on growth, proline, antioxidant defense enzyme, and ions content in one-year-old for sour orange (Citrus aurantium, L.) and Volkamer lemon (Citrus volkameriana) rootstocks grown under salinity stress. In the current study, a foliar spray of bulk SiO2, SiO2 NPs, Chitosan, and Chitosan NPs with a concentration of 50 ppm was applied at 0 and 50 mM of NaCl concentrations. Vegetative growth was determined, including plant height, stem diameter, leaf area, roots, and total fresh and dry weights. The findings demonstrated that salinity adversely affected plant growth. Salt-stressed plant leaves exhibited greater peroxidase (POD) activity and proline content than the control treatment, and Na+ and Cl- ions accumulated in the leaves of salinized plants. Nano-Silicon dioxide and Nano-chitosan significantly increased full vegetative growth parameters and antioxidant defense enzymes. Nano treatments decreased Na+ and Cl- ions content in the leaf tissue. Finally, as a result SiO2 NPs and CS NPs are employed as part of a combined approach to increase the growth indices of citrus plants, especially achieving a significant impact in alleviating salinity stress.