Abstract: The study aimed at determining the level of training form the trainees point of view in general, in each dimension of evaluation, and determining the differences in training level according to trainee's some characteristics. The population included all the agric. extension workers in Duhok who were participated in training courses held at the extension training center of Malta during 2008–2009. A random sample of trainees consisted of 85 out of 242 was selected and the data was collected through a questionnaire after testing its Validity and reliability, and then analyzed by using means, Mann–Whitney test, and kruskal–Wallis test. The results showed that the level of training level was high, and the dimension of trainers efficiency occupied the first rank order while the dimension of training methods and aids occupied the last rank order. Also the results revealed that there were no significant differences in the level of training according to educational qualification of the trainees, years of extension employment, previous training, vocational embition, and the desire to change. The researchers recommend the necesity of using variant training methods and A. V. aids and conduct other studies to evaluate farmers training by using a variety of evaluation methods.

Abstract: The objectives of this research were to determine the farmers knowledge level in Sinjar District / Nineveh Governorate in the fields of crop rotations, and to determine farmers knowledge level in each field and item, also to find out the differences of farmers knowledge according to some factors, and to determine the relationship between the degree of knowledge and a set of independent factors. The research sample included 72 respondents. The data were collected through an interview. Special questionnaire has been developed to estimate farmers knowledge level by using test method after testing the validity and reliability of the questionnaire. Percentage weight, arithmetic mean, analysis of variance and multiple step-wise regression analysis were used in analyzing the data. It was found that 52.778% of the respondents were of medium knowledge level in using crop rotations. The highest knowledge level of respondents were in the field of maintaining soil fertility. Also there were significant differences in the degree of farmers knowledge according to: age, education level, type of land tenure number of years using crop rotations, desire for renewal and previous training. While there were no significant differences according to: social statue and sources of information. Also it was found that the factor number of years using crop rotations explained 29.542% of the variation degree of farmers knowledge level.

Abstract: This research aims at studying the determinants that affect of the productivity and which in turn is reflected in the return. Data were obtained through a questionnaire of a sample amounted to (105) farms for summer season 2010 from farmers of Naieem society. Research hypothesis that included determinants affect productivity of vegetable crops, which in turn may affect revenue (profit farm). Survey variables included (age, experience, number of family farms, land, land type, kind of crop, labor income, costs of agriculture, Tillage, fertilization, type agriculture, harvesting, funding type, input prices, marketing, sale prices, climatic factors, crop price fluctuations, support State). Through the use of factor analysis showed that every, marketing, cost, experience, income and crop price fluctuations a significant impact on the productivity variable and therefore will have an effect on the farm where the profit of all these factors may make farms of non productivity.

Abstract: Concept which tackled the effect of international trade organization policies in agricultural exports in developing countries were various. These concepts remarked that organization policies had made a decrease in the share of developing agricultural export to its GDP. Thus, trade exchange rate has become unfavorable in developing countries and this had its effect in distributing the National income on both National and International levels. This increased the backwardness of developing countries and shared in the progress of advanced countries. There are also other ideas which say that international trade organization policies had got great advantages for the developing countries reflected in its agricultural exports depended upon this conclusion that the principles of the classic theory in foreign trade which mentioned by the economist David Ricardo in writing the political economy of 1817. in this respect, the study depended on a hypothesis which says that international trade organization policies have variant effects in agricultural experts in developing countries according to the nature of its economic structures and the efficiency of its systems in dealing with the organization policies . In order to confirm the papers hypothesis, a sample of developing countries had been chosen included (Egypt, Moritania, Tunisia, Turkey, Thailand, Indonesia, Morocco, and Jordan). This sample depended on time series data in estimating the phenomenon of the study and for each country separately for it reflects the resulted changes in its agricultural exports in view of features and characteristics which differ from one state to another.

Abstract: This experiments were conducted to study the effect of some important factors on growth and multiplication of ornamental plant dendritic "Gardenia" Gardenia Jasminoides var. Veitchii culturing on MS medium In vitro. The study includes the effect of explant position on shoot (Apical shoot , 1st , 2nd , 3rd and 4th node), concentration of Myo-inositol (50 , 75 , 100 , 125 and 150 mg/L), pH of medium (5 , 5.2 , 5.4 , 5.6 , 5.8 and 6), Type of chelate Iron with its concentration (Fe-EDTA contains 5.6 mg/L Fe and Fe-EDDHA contains 5.6 , 11.2 , 16.8 and 22.4 mg/L Fe) in addition to Agar concentrations (4 , 5, 6, 7 and 8 g/L). After 8 weeks from culturing, the results revealed predominant of the 2nd node significantly over the apical shoot and 1st node in number of shoots / explant. The largest number of shoots / node and the number of the shoots longer than 0.5 cm / node was formed in the media which contain 125 mg / L myo-inositol. The medium with PH 6 was highly significant in comparison with other media in different pH , in number of shoots and number of shoots longer than 0.5 cm / node. The chelate ferrous Fe-EDDHA differed significantly from Fe-EDTA in all the studied traits for all treatments, which showed significant increase at concentration of 11.2 mg/L, while the best plant height and of shoots longer than 0.5 cm was appeared when applied agar at concentration 5 g/L, but the concentration 4 g/L Agar as well caused the largest number of shoots and significantly dominant over the agar concentration 7 and 8 g / L.

Abstract: This study was conducted in the lath house at Horticulture and Landscape Department , College of Agriculture and Forestry , University of Mosul , during 2011 season to study the effect of foliar spray of three concentration of Seaweed extract " Algareen" ( 0, 1 and 2 ml.L) and three concentrations of Urea ( 0, 0.25 and 0.50%) fertilizer on vegetative growth of Pistacia khinjuk transplant . All treatments applied Three times at 5/4, 20/4 and 5/5/2011. Results indicated that all the treatments led to improve vegetative growth of transplant as compared with control . The more effective treatments was the interaction treatment between 2 ml/L of Algareen+ 0.50%of Urea fertilizer which caused a significant increase in the mean of transplant hight , number of leaves per seedling , leaf area , fresh and dry weight of leaves as compared with the control. A significant increase recorded in both diameter of main stem and percentage of chlorophyll pigment by applied of 2ml.L of Algareen + 0.25% of Urea .Sometime foliar spray of 0.25% of Urea fertilizer gave hight increase in interned length characteristics.

Abstract: ABSTRACT Field experiment was carried out during 2009/2010 season at Horticulture department field, College of Agriculture/ Mosul University. Four concentrations of liquid paraffin (0,2,4 and 6%) were used as a foliar spray on plant at three dates of application (18/2 , 19/3 , and 21/4). A factorial experiment of eight treatments applied using randomized complete block design. The results could be summarized as following . A significant increase in the percentage of primary leaf water content recorded with Hapil variety as compared with Kaiser's samling variety , but the percentage of secondary leaf water content significantly increased in Kaiser's samling variety. Most treatments of liquid paraffin led to a significant increase in the percentage of primary leaf water content with significant decrease in both percentage of secondary leaf water content and relative transpiration .Application of all liquid paraffin treatments induced leaf area in both varieties , but Hapil variety was superior in a single leaf area as compared with Kaiser's samling . Meanwhile , all treatments caused a significant decrease in the percentage dry matter. Most treatments of liquid paraffin caused a significant increase in average fruit weight , number of fruit per plant , yield per plant and total yield as compared with control . Hapil variety was superior in average weight of fruit but Kaiser's samling variety was superior in number of fruit per plant . Foliar spray of 4% of liquid paraffin was the most effective treatment on yield parameters . Percentage of total soluble solid (T.S.S) and leaf dry matter significantly increased by all liquid paraffin treatments in both varieties . At the same time , the amount of vitamin C increased significantly in fruit of Kaiser's samling variety as compared with Hapil variety.

Abstract: ABSTRACT Experiment was carried out at the field of College of Agriculture and Forestry / University of Mosul During the growing season, autumn 2010 using RCBD Design with split system including two factors sowing dates (main plots) (1st October, 20th October, 10th November), and mulching (subplot)(Red polyethylene , yellow polyethylene, without cover) The results showed superiority of early planting dates on 1October and 20 October in most of the characteristics of vegetative growth and yield as compared with late planting in the 10 November which gave lower values in the high plant , number of leaves per plant, leaf area per plant , verdant yield per plant , head weight , and diameter , length , number of cloves , clove weight , and verdant and dry yield ton / hectare, the mulching has shown plants grown under Red Polyethylene superiority in all characteristics of vegetative growth and yield compared with cultivated without mulch, otherwise, the superior interaction treatment resulted from planted 20 October under the Red polyethylene in most vegetative characteristics and qualities of yield as compared with cultivated in 10th November and without mulching .

Abstract: ABSTRACT The Program of hybridization is depended Four varieties of Melon viz , (1-Alkosey , 2-Al-Mostkabil (Syrian) , 3-Ananas and 4-Hales Best Jumbo) were used in a Complete Diallel Crosses , during growing season 2009. The experiment was carried out in the Field Dept. of Hort. & Landscape Design, College of Agric. & Forestry , Mosul University during growing season 2010 by using Randomized Complete Block Design with three replications. To evaluate the performance of Full-Diallel hybrids and parents , general and specific combining abilities were evaluated for estimating their effects and reciprocal effect which are yield and its components according to (Griffing, 1956) first method and fixed model. The results indicated that general combining ability was significant for all the studied characters except no. of branches per plant and no. of seed per fruit , and that specific combining ability and reciprocal effects was significant for most studied characters. The results showed that general combining ability was higher than specific combining ability for no. of nodes pre first male flowering and fruit weight , it can be predicted for an additive gene action for this character. 1-Alkosey and 3-Ananas variety showed high general combining ability for most of the studied characters , and therefore contains the desired gene. The hybrids varied for their specific combining abilities effects , the hybrid 1×3 have a good significant specific combining ability for the most desirable characters , and this due to the wide genetic diversity between their parents.

Abstract: ABSTRACT This study was carried out in a private farm at Haway Rezyana, 15 Km north-east of Mosul-Iraq, during spring season 2009. The aim of this research was to study the effect of two seaweed extracts (Alga 600 and Solauamine) and three methods of application (foliar spray, adding to the soil and foliar spray with adding to the soil) on growth and yield of two potato varieties (Latona and Desiree). A split plot within randomized complete block design with Duncan's multiple rang test at 0.05 were applied for all research data. The obtained results could be summarized as following: Desiree variety was significantly superior in average plant length, plant leaf area, percentage of chlorophyll pigment, root dry weight, average tuber weight, yield of plant, total yield, marketable yield and tuber firmness as compared with latona variety. While a significant increase recorded in mean stem number per plant, percentage of foliage dry weight and tuber specific gravity with latona variety comparing with Desiree variety.Application of Alga 600 treatments caused a significant increase in average plant length, tuber weight, plant yield total yield and marketable yield as compared with control treatment. Adding Alga 600 to the soil caused a significant increase in plant yield, total yield, and marketable yield, while application Alga 600 as a foliar spray resulted a significant increase only in average tuber weight as compared with control. Interaction treatments between verities and method of application caused additional increase most vegetative and yield characteristics. Interaction treatments between Desiree variety with all methods of application caused a significant increase in most vegetative and yield quantity and quality characteristics as compared with the effect of interaction treatments between latona variety and application method of seaweed extracts, which caused a significant increase in both average stem number per plant and tuber specific gravity only.

Abstract: Forty soil samples from eight profiles were chosen to represent Al-Fadhilia , Kara-Tapa and Al-Hamdania regions, in Nineveh Province . Three selective dissolution methods were used to extract the different manganese phases DTPA , DCB and GAc. The results indicated that GAc, method was effective in extracting manganese adsorbed on calcium carbonates and clay surfaces ranged 38.78 - 47.74 mg.Kg-1 soil, DCB method was effective in dissolving manganese oxides especially in the thin black deposits and in Mn-Fe concretions was in second order ranged 11.78 - 39.9 mg.Kg-1 soil , while DTPA method was the lowest in extracting available manganese ranged 0.9 - 3.34 mg.Kg-1 soil.

Abstract: Eight soil profiles were chosen, representing three locations in Nineveh governorate (Al-Fadhlia, Kara-Tapa, and Al-Hamdania). The study was aimed for better understanding the effect of (caly & silt) fraction and carbonates minerals on distribution of manganese extracted by three selective dissolution methods [DTPA , Glacial acetic acid (GAc.) and DCB] . The results indicated that the DTPA extractable manganese showed a similar behavior in the pedogenic distribution with the highest concentration in surface horizons between 2.5 -5.6 mg. kg-1, but concentrations decreased with depth . However GAc. extractable manganese ranged 25.6-72.2 mg. kg-1 , while DCB extracted between 10-58 mg. kg-1. Statistical analysis showed a significant relation between (clay & silt) fraction of soil and DTPA extractable manganese in two locations (Al-Fadhlia and Al-Hamdania), while GAc and DCB extractable manganese has a significant relationship with (clay & silt) fraction in Kara-Tapa and Al-Hamdania Locations respectively. Carbonateminerals has a significant effect on distribution of extractable manganese only in Al-Hamdania area regardless of the extracting method

Abstract: This study was conducted in Al-Rashidiya animal breeding station, using 6 ewes (2-6 yrs old) with average body weight of 42.7 kg with their single new born lambs, the ewes divided into 3 groups just after 4th week of birth. Ewes and their lambs. The ewes were paired randomly into three groups in cross over design with three periods each of 17 days , to investigate the effect of metabolizable protein: metabolizable energy in the rations (gm MP : ME MJ ). Three rations were used , the first consist mainly of barley, yellow corn, soybean meal and wheat bran(control R1 ).While the second ration R2 barley and wheat bran and third ration R3 also soybean meal were treated with acidic formaldehyde (9L/ton), the rations were iso calories and iso nitrogen but differ in MP : ME ratio which were 6.61 , 8.87 and 9.98 gm MP : MJ ME respectively . Results showed that feeding ewes on rations R2 and R3 significant (p

Abstract: This study was conducted in the Animal resources department field College of Agri. and Forestry by using two antihelmentic programs for awassi ewes . 20 awassi ewes (3 – 4 year age) were divided into two groups (10 animal/ group). The 1st group treated with Albendazole (7.5mg/kg B.wt) orally and Ivermectin (2mg/kg B.wt) s.c. The 2nd group treated with Rafoxanide (7.5mg/kg B.wt) orally and Ivermectin (2mg/kg B.wt) s.c. Results revealed a significant increase in Hb. concentration in the group treated with albendazole and ivermectin , and a significant increase in Hb. concentration , PCV , T.RBC , serum total protein , globulin and globulin: albumin ratio in the group treated with rafoxanide and ivermectin. In conclusion results revealed that the rafoxanide and ivermectin antihelmentic programs were better than the albendazole and ivermectin program in improving blood picture and the serum biochemical parameher in awassi ewes.

Abstract: This study was conducted to determine the anti oxidant ability of sodium tungstate on some physiological aspects resulted from H2O2 – induced oxidative stress in the rat adult females. Twenty eight of adult albino rat females were randomly divided into 3 groups (8 /each) where the first group is control fed with normal diet and normal drinking water Ad libitum whereas the second group treated with H2O2 (1 %) via drinking water, the third group was also treated with H2O2 (1 %) in the same manner above in addition to daily oral gavaging with sodium tungstate solution (170 mg/ kg body weight) for 30 days. Results showed that tungstate administration for rat females led to a significant (P≤0.05) elevation in the means of total body weight, hemoglobin concentration, follicular stimulating hormone, leutinizing hormone and serum glutathione, also tungstate administration caused a significant (P≤0.05) decrease in granulocytes and serum malondialdehyde concentration with no effect on uterus weight. In conclusion, there is an antioxidant effect of sodium tungstate which can ameliorates some physiological and general aspects of the rat females undertaken to experimental oxidative stress.

Abstract: A strain of Lactobacillus brevis was isolated from a spoiled pickle sample and propagated in MRS liquid medium. The strain possessed high mannitol dehydrogenase activity. The free and immobilized cells in calcium alginate gel beads were used for the production of mannitol using batch culture in bioconversion medium (BCM). The highest mannitol yield was achieved after four days of incubation at 37 oC using cells concentration of 2x106 cells/ml. The reuse of the cells for mannitol production led to a little decrease in their produtibility. The effect was minor with immobilized cells. Mannitol production was proportional to fructose concentration in BCM medium while there was no effect upon using potassium phosphate buffer medium. The continuous mannitol production by immobilized cells was conducted in a glass column. A reverse relationship was noticed between fructose solution flow rate and mannitol yield, but the production rate was higher at higher flow rates. Thus, it is advised to apply fast flow rate with repeated substrate recycling in order to achieve the desired conversion of fructose.

Abstract: The study had been achieved on the Great – Zab river at Eski Kalak monitoring station (3618 N , 4333- E , 280m A.S.1) during august 2009 and end of April 2010 (9 months).The river of Great – Zab drains on area of 31258 Km2, this area is located between latitude 35.3 , 38.06 N and longitude 42.5 46.05 E .dissolved load included some cations and anions were studied , and results showed that the concentration of cations decreased in the order of: Ca+2 > Mg+2 > Na+ > K+ .While the concentration of anions decreased in the order HCO3- > SO4= > NO3- > Cl- Results also showed that the amounts of monthly EC for the study period (9 months) were 0.46, 0.38, 0.38, 0.33, 0.33, 0.33, 0.37, 0.37, 0.38 dS/m respectively , and the amounts of pH for the same months were 7.4, 7.7, 7.6, 7.8, 7.5, 7.7, 7.9, 7.7, 7.9 respectively , On the other hand regression equations were developed between the river discharge and concentration of cations and anions and also between pH , EC and discharge and the recommended equations were given by using the general formula as follow: Log ( ion ) concentration = a + b Log flow + c (Log flow)2

Abstract: The Isolation of forest seeds associated fungi for 10 species of forests trees Zawita pine (Pinus brutia), Italian cypressus (Cupressuss sempervirens), Casuarina (Casuarina equistifolia), Thuja (Biota oriantalies), Eucalyptus (Eucalyptus camldulensis ), Barkinsonia sp., Alianthus sp., Robinia pseudoacacia, Acacia cianoophyla and Sycamore ( Platanus occidentales ) where done. Results are showed that four genera of fungi associated with seeds , in spite of external sterilization before culture , the fungi involved Fusarium , Penicillium , Aspergillus , Rhizopus , its maximum isolation ratio was ( 1.7 , 8.3 , 6.7 , 5 ) % respectively.Bioassay of sewak extracts and sewaq powder on fungi showed that alcoholic extract had high inhibition on Fusarium sp. ( 74 %) at 100% conc. , Penicillium sp. (30.4 %) at 100% conc. While aqueous extract had no inhibition till at 100% conc., results of sewak powder showed no inhibition activity at all conc. except extract 100% , while the sewak powder had inhibition close with extract of sewak except first and second conc.whose where low inhibition for Aspergillus sp., bioassay result of sewak alcoholic extract on seeds rot fungi showed that alcoholic extract had high inhibit activity on Fusarium sp. (47 %) at 100% conc. of this extract, While aquatic extract had no inhibition activity against all species of fungus, results of sewak powder bioassay had inhibition activity on Fusarium sp. ( 40, 51, 51) % at first , second an third conc. respectively , Aspergillus sp. had low inhibition activity ( 16 , 15 , 0 ) % at three concentrations respectively , Penicillium sp.had no inhibition activity at all .

Abstract: This study was conducted on the Great – Zab river at Eski Kalak monitoring station (3618 N , 4333- E , 280m A.S.1). The river of Great – Zab drains on area of 31258 Km2, this area is located between latitude 35.3 , 38.06 N and longitude 42.5 , 46.05 E. Suspended sediment concentration and bed load were determined for the period from August 2009 till April 2010 (9 months). Results showed that the amounts of monthly suspended sediments for study period (9 months) were 148 , 150 , 360 , 880 , 120 , 80 , 960 , 900 , 80 mg/L respectively. Bed load in this study was estimated as 10% of the suspended load, while grain size analysis of bed material was done by using the sieve analysis and hydrometer analysis then grain size distribution curve was observed. A Statistical model was assumed to fit the sediment concentration and the five dimensionless variable such as (Width B/ depth d), (d/D50), (Stream velocity (v) / settling rate (w)) , Renold number (vd/) and Froud number (v2/dg), and some of data transformation were made. Stepwise procedure used to select the best equation , and the selected equations that gave good fit are as follow: Log Cs = 0.29223 + 1.45474 Log – 2.24509 Log + 0.86603 Log + 0.60574 Log Log Cs = 2.16664 + 5.50975 – 2.17494 - 0.01037 + 0.31220 + 0.00125

Abstract: This study was conducted in the forestry department nursery of Mosul University; to investigate the effects of stratification degrees & chilling on seed germination and seedlings growth of Pistacia khinjuk stock. The results revealed the superiority of seed stratification in 12°c stratification in comparison with 4°c stratification. the 12°c gave the higher averages of germination energy (%) , germination percentage (%) , Survival percentage (%) , Seedling length (cm.) & seedling diameter (mm), the averages were 26.96%, 36.39 % , 34.74% , 54.54 cm, 5.90mm respectively , Also the stratificated seeds for 20 days were superior in all characters and gave the highest average in germination energy 34.42% , germination percentage 49.80% survival percentage 46.36%, seedling length 55.41 cm., and seedling diameter 6.1 mm. The chilling period 48 hour was superior in characters of germination energy (29.95%) , germination percentage (40.33%) , Survival percentage (38.16%) , Seedling length (64.09)cm. and seedling diameter (6.37)mm.

Abstract: This study was carried out in the greenhouse/forestry department /college of agriculture and forestry, to study the effects of stratification period, hot water degrees and stratification degrees on seed germination of Melia azedarach seedling growth. The results showed the superiority of 45 days of stratification in all the studied characters (germination energy, germination percentage, seedling length, seedling diameter and number of leaves). The resulted averages were 37.42%, 59.24%, 75.77cm, 9.78mm, 114 leaf respectively. Among the hot water degrees the superiority in all the characters was in the case of 50°C and gave the averages 35.90%, 56.02, 63.89 cm, 8.02mm, 97.14 leaf respectively. Due to stratification degrees; 4°C showed superiority in seedling length character only and gave an average of 57.53 cm. Also the interaction among stratification in the incubator for 45 days and soaking in 50°C hot water were superior in germination energy and germination percentage characters. Furthermore the interaction of stratification for 45 days in refrigerator and soaking degree 50°C was superior in the characters of seedling length ,seedling diameter and number of leaves.

Abstract: This study was conducted at mosul university in Leucaena stand which planted at (2005) with six plant spaces (1*1)m.,(0.5*1)m., (0.5 *0.75)m. , (0.5*0.5)m. , (0.25*0.75)m. , (0.25*0.5)m., four cutting period (one month , two month , three month,six month ), and two cutting height (25,50)cm. through master study of Al- qassar (2007) who took the result of first year and Akreyi (2008) who took the result of second year after planting , to study the effect of this factors on refoliation , biomass production and its quality . At November (2006) the trees were taken off to know the effect of studied factors on the growth of roots . The characters (fresh and dry weight , secondary root number,main root length, nitrogen percent , total absorption of nitrogen , phosphorus percent , potassium percent, callesium percent and dry matter percent ) were studied . The results showed that the plant space (0.5*1)m. at three month cutting period and cutting height (50) cm. was differed significantly with other treatments in (fresh and dry weight of roots , total absorption of nitrogen , calisium percent )which were (624.00 gm.,324.66 gm., 1.21 gm./plant and 0.374 % ).

Abstract: The experiment was carried out in as agricultural seasons (2010-2011) at two locations : Field crops Dept research station /college of Agric & forestry and Talkeef northern east of mosul . The study was included two factors , the effect of seeding rates with three leveles (80 , 100 , 120 kg / ha) and herbicides Bronamed (1500 g/ha a.i) Treflan (1152 m/ha a.i) and in mixture at the same concentrations and with cheek treatment . The data were analyse according to the RCBD . using Duncan test using seeding rate (120 kg) kg / ha led to a significant decrease in the numbers of narrow leaves for both location . with a value of (0.67) and (0.50 ) respectively . as compared with the seeding of (80) kg . No.wide leaves weed , No . branches . No. bots / plabt . yiwld of plant , weight of 1000 seeds ded not deffer when either using (80) or (120) kg/ha higher when using (120) kg/ha as compared with 100 kg/ha for both locations with higher values estimated (90.33 and (87) for both location respectively . The seeding rate 100 kg were higher values (98.1) and (102.58) for both location respectively as compared with (80) kg / ha. The Bronamed and treflan and when they mixed together let to a significantly decrease in the numbers of wide and narrow leaves and there dry weight , plabt hight , No. mean and secondry branches and yield of plant and the weight of (1000) seeds as compared with the control treatment for both location , bronamd herbicide was superior in the total yield ( 8280 kg/ha) for the college as compared with the all other treatments were as the mixture between these two herbicides showed higher production at talkef location (817.78) kg/ ha .

Abstract: This study aimed was to diagnose the causal agent of decline Apricot trees in Nineveh governorate, Pathogenicity , and effects on site infection contents of Salicylic acid for tested cultivars tissue.Phaeoacremonium aleophilum W.Gams, Crous was identify as a major pathogen of decline apricot tree and this is considered the first record of this fungus on apricot in Iraq, and was accompanied with Monilia sp. Percent 15 %.Result of Pathogenicity trial of P.aleophilum and Monilia sp. on apricot local cultivars (LC)Abo-zyngeel showed that P.aleophilum was most aggressive when caused twig decline and stem cankers.(Quzany ,Affly ,Turkey , Abo-zyngeel and Qussay). The highly disease severity was recorded on Qussay and Affly LCs. with 0.63 and 0.65 respectively along with the canker length of about 1.33 and 1.2 cm respectively after one month from inculcation .P.aleophilum showed ability to induce Salicylic acid production in some LC's. particularly on Qussay LC after 2 hours of inculcation (0.758 %), in Turkey LC significant increasing was recorded after one months (0.592%).

Abstract: The study had been conducted in Bazian Horticulture Station belonged to Sulaimani governorate on hybrid honeybees Apis mellifera L. kept in Italian hives model. The results of queen age and honeybee population evaluation on queen cell numbor during spring season showed that the highest mean of pre –constructed cells was 11.73 cells for QA1BP10 treat(= one year queen age with ten frames population) . and the lowest was 2.46 cells for QA2BP10 treat (= two years queen age with ten frames population). While the highest mean of Post constructed cells was 2.33 cells for QA1BP10 treat(= one year queen age with ten frames population). and the lowest was 0.06 cells for QA1BP5 treat (= one year queen age with five frames population). Results of early summer showed that the highest mean of pre – constructed cells was 127.93 cell for QA1BP10 treat. and the lowest was 21.53 cell for QA2BP5 treat. while the highest mean of Post – constructed cells was 30.92 cell for QA1BP10 treat. and the lowest was 2.79 cells for QA2BP10 treatBut results of the late summer showed that the highest mean of pre- constructed cells was 7.59 cell for QA2BP10 treat. and the lowest was 2.46 cell for QA2BP5 treat. while the highest mean of post- constructed cells was 5.06 cells for QA2BP2 treat. and the lowest was 0.93 cell for QA2BP5 treat(two years queen age with five frames population) .

Abstract: This study was conducted to test the ability of the lesser grain borer to attack 10 varieties of wheat and caused any injury to the grain stored in their ears, and to compare that with the infestation of the released seeds of the same varieties. The results showed that the beetle failed to cause any damage to the first group of wheat, although the process of re-infection were repeated three times, and that the incidence of the insect for all varieties of wheat stored in the ears was zero % , and that all insects were dead within a maximum of 10 days after putting them on the ears, while the percentage of germination of the stored grains reached 75.2% as an average.,while it was decreased for with an average of 32.3 %. It also resulted in injury insect to a significant decrease and clear the proportion of gluten in the flour of infected seeds with an average of 19.9 % as compared with that stored in the ears showing an average of 35.2% . On the other hand the percentage of infection for the released seeds reached 52.3 % as an average., as confirmed by the amylograph test the existence of significant differences between the values of the maximum viscosity were very high in the infected samples giving an average of 901 B.U while it was in the sound 548.4 B.U.,such differences for some of the sensory qualities of grain exposed to insect injury made it unacceptable from the standpoint of work manufacturing laboratory bread or some other pastry.

Abstract: This study was carried out in the field of College of Agriculture - University of Salahaddin in Erbil during the season 2009 - 2010 including the evaluation of four hybrids derived from diallel crosses among seven varieties of durum wheat, previously assessed on the basis of combining ability and heterosis of them. The breeding program continued until these hybrids reached the sixth generation, and were compared with three other varieties, two of them cultivated on a large scale. Fifteen traits were studied, including different growth, physiological characters and grain yield and its components. The hybrid (Acsad- 65 × Kosem- N) has been selected to continue its breeding in order to adopt a new variety based on its performance superior in most of the studied traits, especially in the productivity score and grain yield and in traits that are showed positive correlation with the grain yield like leaf area index, net assimilation rate, spike length, 1000-grain weight and spikes/m2, which had the greatest effect in the prediction of grain yield according to the results of multiple regression analysis.

Abstract: The experiment was carried out at the field of College of Agriculture at the University of Duhok during the spring season of 2010. Eleven inbred lines of maize, had been selected, eight of them were used as a line (males), (ZP 204, ZP 301, ZP 595, ZP 670, ZP 430, ZP 505, un 44652, ZP 735) and the reminder used as testers (females), (ZP 197, ZP 607 and ZP 707) to estimate gene action, specific and general combining ability, heterosis and heritability for yield and its components under two nitrogen fertilizer levels (135 and 275 Kg N/ha). The results showed significant positive heterosis for most studied characters of hybrids under two nitrogen levels. The better hybrids for grain yield were (ZP 607 × ZP 505) and (ZP 707 × ZP 204). The line ZP 505 showed the heights positive GCA effect of grain yield. Heritability in broad sense was high for all studied characters while heritability in narrow sense was high for ear height under both nitrogen levels and number of rows / ear under value nitrogen level only. The additive variance was more than dominance variance for all characters except 100 grain weight (g) and ear length (cm) under (135 Kg N). The average degree of dominance was greater than one for all characters. The results of this study can enhance the use of promising inbred lines in a programme focused on developing hybrid that efficiently can take up and use nitrogen.

Abstract: A full diallel was established in 2006 at Duhok Univ., Iraq, to study heterosis and combining ability for growth, and yield components in four varieties, Early long purple(1),Long purple(2),Black Beauty(3), and Alton kubry (4) of eggplant. The results revealed that F1's exhibited significant heterosis for all traits. The hybrid (3×1) gave the highest heterosis value for plant height and fruit weight. The hybrid (4×2) produced the greatest value for number of branches and early yield plant . Whereas, the hybrid (4×1) was earliest in date of flowering and possessed the highest heterosis in fruit diameter. The parent 2 (long purple) revealed as the best general combiner for most desirable traits . Analysis of combining ability indicated that GCA mean square was significant for all traits, whereas, SCA mean square was non-significant in number of branches ,number of leaves till 1st inflorescence, total and early yield. Specific combining ability results for each hybrid exhibited that 2x4 was characterized with a good specific combining ability for most traits .On the other hand ,there was a significant reciprocal effect's for date of flowering, no. of flowers inflorescence-1 , average fruit weight, no. of fruits plant-1 ,fruit length and diameter which was obviously recognized between the hybrid 3x1 and its reciprocal.