Mesopotamia Journal of Agriculture

This investigation was carried out in the open field at the nursery of Antoniades Res. Branch, Hort. Res. Inst., Alexandria, Egypt during 2009 and 2010 seasons to study the effect of soil dressing with rhizobacterien, nitrobien and biogien commercial biofertilizers on growth and chemical composition of 6-months-old transplants of Ficus binnendykii (Miq.) Miq. cv. "Amstel Queen" cultivated in 20-cm-diameter clay pots filled with about 2.5 kg of sand + clay mixture (1:1, v/v), when added at the rates of 0, 3 and 6 g/pot, five times with one month interval, and to detect how far these biofertilizers can replace the chemical fertilization with NPK compound fertilizer at the rate of 2 g/pot. The obtained results indicated that all fertilization treatments examined in this study significantly improved all vegetative and root growth parameters (plant height (cm), stem diameter (mm), No. branches and leaves/plant, leaf area (cm2) and fresh and dry weights (g) of leaves, stem and roots), as well as the active constituents in the leaves of the treated plants (chlorophyll a, b and carotenoids (mg/g F.W.) and the percentages of total carbohydrates, N, P and K). the dominance in all previous measurments was for the dressing with biogien at 6 g/pot treatment, which gave the utmost high means compared to those of control, NPK and all other biofertilization treatments in the two seasons. It was also noticed that biofertilizers treatments, especially at the high rate (6 g/pot) recorded better results than NPK treatment in most cases of both seasons. So, in order to get the best growth and higher content of active constituents of 6-months-old transplants of F. binnendykii cv. "Amstel Queen" grown in 20-cm-diameter clay pots, it is preferable to fertilize them with biogien at the rate of 6 g/pot, proved to added as soil dressing, five times with one month interval.

The study was conducted at Research Field /Agriculture Research Station ,Zakho, North of Iraq during 2005 and 2006 growing seasons to investigate the effect of inoculation with Azotobacter chroococcum (+ ,- ) and varying levels of nitrogen fertilizer Urea 46% N (0, 100, 200 kg/hectar) on quality yield of potato plant Solanum tuberosum L. cv. Desiree , a factorial randomized complete design (F-RCBD) was selected for the experimental with three replicates .
The results showed that there was significant increase in the quality characteristic of yield (number of tuber /plant , weight of tuber (gm.), total yield /plant (gm.), and the productivity of unit area ), and the percentage of dry matter in tubers , and the percentage of mineral nutration in tuber (N, P, K, Ca) and the percentage of protein. As result of treatment of inoculation with Azotobacter bacteria , and for the treatment of adding nitrogen fertilizer especially the level 200 kg/hectar and for the two growing seasons 2005 and 2006 . The result of interaction treatment between the inoculation with Azotobacter bacteria and the nitrogen fertilizer 200 kg/hectar showed that there was significant increasing in the tuber number/plant , weight of tuber (gm.), yield /plant (gm.), and productivity of unit area (t/hectar) ,and the results were (7.45 , 100.67 gm./tuber , 749.99 gm/plant , 29.32 T./hac. respectively for the first growing seasone, and (12.19 , 68.30 gm/tuber , 954.48 gm/plant , 37.32 T./hectar) For the seconed seasone. Also the interaction treatments between inoculation with Azotobacter and adding 200 kg/hectar urea lead to significant increasing in dry matter and percentage of(N, P, K, Ca) and protein in tuber for two growing seasons 2005 and 2006.

The study was conducted at Research field /Agriculture Research Station, Zakho, North of Iraq during spring 2005 and 2006 growing seasons to investigate the effect of inoculation with Azotobacter chroococcum (+,-) and varying levels of nitrogen fertilizer Urea 46% N ( 0, 100, 200 kg/hat.) on vegetative growth characteristic of potato plant Solanum tuberosum L. cv. Desiree , a factorial randomized complete block design (F.RCBD) was selected for the experimental with three replicates . The results showed that there was significant increase in all vegetative growth characteristic ( plant height , the number of stem , leave area/plant , total chlorophyll , the % of nutrition N, P, K, Ca, ) as a result for inoculation with Azotobacter , also for adding nitrogen fertilizer and for two growing seasons . The interaction treatment between inoculation with Azotobacter and adding nitrogen fertilizer at 200 kg/hac. gave the highest results in vegetative growth and for two growing seasons .

This work was done in 2008-2009 seasons to study the positive effects of Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on growth and absorption of macro and micro elements by plantlets of date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.cv Bartomouda). Plantlets were produced via tissue culture technique. One year after acclimatization stage, the roots of potted plantlets were inoculated with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (Glomus spore), they were fertilized with NPK (Krestalon) complete fertilizers (19-19-19) with three different levels, i.e. 1.5, 2.0 and 2.5 g/l, in addition to control treatment. Plantlets were weekly fertilized for eight month during two seasons. The results of both seasons indicated that of inoculation mycorrhizal fungi induced positive effects of growth and minerals content. The addition of 2.5 g/l NPK had the highest significant values of plant height (cm), number of leaves/ plantlet, length of root (cm), and number of roots/plantlet as compared to control treatment. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi showed a network of hyphae around roots which might increase water, macro and micro nutrients the absorption through increasing the absorption surface area. The results also revealed that there were significant differences among different NPK treatments on various growth parameters and minerals contents. Nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, Fe, Zn, Mn and Cu, were significantly increased with the three applications all studied fertilized levels. These data showed that the inoculation of mycorrhizal had positive effects on absorption of macro and micro minerals which could be reflected on photosynthesis and this was appeared in the form of new leaves and roots of the plants (growth), also the application of soil with mycorrhiza had decreased the dose of fertilizers were used in the culture which to be inverted to the economic cultures.

The study was conducted at Research Field /Agriculture Research Station ,Zakho, North of Iraq during 2005 and 2006 growing seasons to investigate the effect of inoculation with Azotobacter chroococcum (+ ,- ) and varying levels of nitrogen fertilizer Urea 46% N (0, 100, 200 kg/hectar) on quality yield of potato plant Solanum tuberosum L. cv. Desiree , a factorial randomized complete design (F-RCBD) was selected for the experiment with three replicates . The results showed that there was significant increase in the quality characteristic of yield (number of tuber /plant , weight of tuber (gm.), total yield /plant (gm.), and the productivity of unit area ), and the percentage of dry matter in tubers , and the percentage of mineral nutration in tuber (N, P, K, Ca) and the percentage of protein. As a result of treating inoculation with Azotobacter bacteria , and for the treatment of adding nitrogen fertilizer especially the level 200 kg/hectar and for the two growing seasons 2005 and 2006 . The result of interaction treatment between the inoculation with Azotobacter bacteria and the nitrogen fertilizer 200 kg/hectar showed that there was significant increasing in the tuber number/plant , weight of tuber (gm.), yield /plant (gm.), and productivity of unit area (t/hectar) ,where the results were (7.45 , 100.67 gm./tuber , 749.99 gm/plant , 29.32 T./hac. respectively for the first growing seasone, and (12.19 , 68.30 gm/tuber , 954.48 gm/plant , 37.32 T./hectar) For the seconed seasone. Also the interaction treatments between inoculation with Azotobacter and adding 200 kg/hectar urea lead to a significant increasing in dry matter and percentage of(N, P, K, Ca) and protein in tuber for the two growing seasons of 2005 and 2006.

The present work includes a chemical comparative study of Pistacia vera L. (Anacardiceae) which resemble (13) cultivars ( Ashoury, White ashoury , Nab Al Dajamal , Ajamy , Oleimy , Boundouky , Red Jalab , Turkey , Baidy , Lazwardy , Sen Al-Feel , Marawhy , Batoury ) are growing in Ninavah Gross Morphological , chemistry and location of cultivers distribution were conducted per each cultivars of the obove species and with taxonomic key for Identification . The results of this chemical study showed clear and distinct variations among studied cultivars in the nut contents from moisture , protein , oil , and phenolic compounds, the moisture ranged between (25.15 – 36.5%) the average of moisture in pistachio studied cultivars was about (31.96%) , the percentage of oil were varied and a clear variation among cultivars so we may be divided into three groups , the percentage of oil ranged between (49.65 – 68.90%), the average of oil in all studied cultivars was (58.83%) , the cultivars Ashoury was characterized by high oil percentage (68.90%) , the percentages of protein in cultivars don't showed high variation , the higher percentage of protein ranged a bout (25.15%) in cultivars ( Sen Al Feel) , while the lower percentage was found in cultivars Oleimy ( 18.25%). The average of protein in all studied cultivars were ranged (21.51%) .
Results of the chemical study showed that (9) phenolic compounds (Quercetin- 7 – glucoside ، Myricetine ، Rutin ، Syringic Luteolin , Kaempferol Ferulic acid ، Catechol and Apigenin ) which were variable among various cultivars of the species studied . Also these results showed that the phonolic compound luteolin was found in the most of the studied cultivars which means that the studied cultivars are belong to one taxa and it reinforces the cultivars of one species .

Two field experiments were conducted during the two successive winter seasons of 2004/2005 and 2005/2006 at Berkash cv. Lymor (9283) to foliar spray by dry yeast at a rate of ( 2 and 4 g/L), amino green compound at a rate of (2 and 4 ml/L) and humic acid at a rate of (2 and 4 ml/L) on growth, yield and s"Giza Governorate" to investigate the response of head lettuce plants ome chemical contents of head lettuce plants.The results indicated that, application of amino green compound as a foliar spray at a rate of 4 ml/L gave the maximum number of head lettuce leaves compared with other treatments. In addition, the highest values of leaf dry weight, head fresh weight, total yield of heads and quality ( ascorbic acid and T.S.S ) were obtained by foliar application of 4 g/L dry yeast.The lowest amount of N-NO3 in leaves of head lettuce was recorded by using humic acid as a foliar spray at a rate of 4 ml/L. On the other hand, the highest amount of N-NO3 was recorded when amino green compound was used as a foliar spray at a rate of 4 gm/L. The highest content of N and P as well as Fe, Mn and Zn were recorded by foliar spray of dry yeast at a rate of 4 ml/L. Meanwhile, the highest amount of K given when humic acid was sprayed at a rate of 4 ml/L.

This study was conducted over two seasons 2005-2006 using folair sprays of SM3 (seadweed extract, organic product, biostimulant ) at 0, 14 , 15 , 16 and 17 cm3/ litter on Kamali and abbassi cultivars(functionally pistillate, physiologically female flowers. These cultivars were trained to cane system (Kniffin system, leaving four canes per vine, each cane was limited to 12 eyes and 6 renewal spurs each with two eyes.
The results of this study showed that the concentration 15 cm3/ litter of SM3 for Kamali cultivar and 16 cm3/ litter for abbassi cultivar were significantly overtopped over the another concentrations in yield per vine, weight and number of bunches per vine , berries number per bunch , weight and volume of 100 berries ,ovules fertility ,berry firmness ,berry attachment force and total soluble solids percentage .on the other hand the same concentrations lowered the content of total acidity of both cultivars.

The study was conducted to determine the possibility of utilizing GA3 to produce healthy in vitro date palm shoots in short period of time. Previous research had shown the importance of shoot morphological conditions for proper future in vitro rooting. Different shoot regenerations and morphological patterns were observed under the various GA3 concentrations. Mean shoot regeneration and elongation was highest on medium containing high GA3 concentrations. The quality of those shoots, however, was very poor as they were extremely thin and probably incapable of proper in vitro rooting. GA3 concentrations of 0.2 and 0.4 mg/ l in the media produced shoots of good quality with proper elongation and relatively thicker and stout appearance. The efficiency of such shoots to produce in vitro plants with good roots are likely high. The capacity of GA3 to improve plant growth by cell elongation and enlargement is well documented in the literature. The exact concentration of the hormone to be used for proper improvement of shoot, however, needs to be determined since plant species and stages of shoot growth differ in their hormonal requirements.

A field experiment was conducted in a private potato farm in Mosul city during two spring seasons of 2002 and 2003 to study the effect of two plant spacing between plants ( 15,30 cm ) and cutting the tubers in different parts weights ( hall tubers 50-60 gr. , half small tuber 25-30 gr , half large tuber 75-85 gr ., Large tuber 50-56 gr . and quarter large tuber 37.5 – 42.5 gr )In growth and yield of potato Cv. Disearee .The result can be summarized as follows :Planting at 30 cm between plants caused a significant increased in number of stem , wet and dry weight of plant , plant yield , and number of tubers per plant, however planting at 15 cm increased significantly plant height and total yield. Cutting the tubers to different parts weights increased significantly number of stems , wet and dry weigh of plant, plant yield , number of tuber per plant ,tuber weight and total yield when increasing the weigh of tuber part . The interaction between plant spacing and tubers cutting showed a significantly effect on some characters studying ,

The present study succeeded in overcoming of germination problems of Crataegus azarolus L. in vitro was successful . As the seeds need 2 – 3 year in soil to germinate, four different culture media were used in this study including MS (Murashige & Skoog medium) , NF (Nitrogen – Free medium) , WPM (Woody plant medium) and UM (Uchimyia & Murashige medium) . Six seeds treatments were used , these are intact seeds, seeds with removed sheath , embryos with cotyledons , embryos with single cotyledon , embryoes with half cotyledon and embryos . Murashige & Skoog (MS) solid medium free from growth regulators was the best in stimulating germination of seeds which reached 77% , 7 – 20 days in culture , and produced normal plantlets. After one month in culture the plantlet height reached 10 cm. involving 15 – 25 leaves . Weak and slow growth was obtained with NF and WPM media. Seeds failed to germinate on solid UM medium. This study pointed out an efficient method to get Crataegus azarolus seedlings from in vitro culture within one month compared with those seedlings produced by planting in nursery for 2 – 3 years and accompanied with stratification pre-sawing . Therefore this results overcoming problems of propagation of this woody species.

In this investigation the biology of Apodiphus amygdali (Germar) were studied on the three kinds of fruit trees apricot, pear and apple in the field during the growth season of 2007 in Erbil governorate, Northeren Iraq. It was found that the mean of incubation period was 3.75 days and the egg hatching rates for the two generations were (89.29, 100.0), (96.94, 92.86) and (100.0, 100.0%) on apricot, pear and apple trees respectively. The nymph complete their development after five instars, the mean period of each were 4.0, 7.7, 7.8, 8.7 and 9.3 days for 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th and 5th instar, respectively. The mean natural mortality among the nymphal stage was 73.49%, and the majority of which occurred among the fifth instar nymph. The pre-oviposition period usually ranged between 3-6 days for the first generation, but the overwintered females of the second generation have a long preoviposition period began to lay their eggs after hibernation. The stink bug A. amygdali had two generations throughout the year, the first one began in the fourth week of June while the second began in the second week of August which the emerged adult enter hibernation from mid October and the fourth week of May of the next year. The general sex ratio was 1:1.

Nine Pomegranate genotype 15-years old grown at Darkoush area in north-western regions of Syria were studied and harvested during the season of 2009 . physical and chemical composition of these genotypes fruits have been examined. The results Obtained are presented in the statistical tables. Based on those results the following results has been monitored : Trees variation between large in SD2,SD8 and small in SD1. fruits were in different colors ranging from pink and bleached greenish yellow to dark purple color, and fruitlets( the main edible part) had floral to red color. Leaf area in new growth from 4.24 cm2 in SD5 to 9.67 cm2 in SD6, but in old wood branches 4.37 cm2 in SD4 to 9.05 cm2 in SD1.The SD7 type Download the highest proportion of flower in old wood branches in comparison with other types.The highest proportion of bell flowers are you in SD6 and the least ratio in SD7. And contrary to the form of a pitcher who gives fruits .The average of the fruit ranges from 518.67 g. in SD7 TO 220 g. in SD9. The values of T.S.S. are 14.94 % in SD9 to 19.41 in SD5. The sweetness index(Flavor index) i.e. T.S.S/TA amounts to 34.89 in SD4 whale it is 4.89 in SD9.

Simple correlation coefficients were estimated among number of quantitative traits from an experimental data applied by RCB Design with three replications, involved two squash cultivars (Mulla-Ahmed and the hybrid Opal type-HED 103) and four different concentrations of K and IAA (0.0 , 0.5 , 1.0 , 1.5 gl-1) , (0.0 , 100 , 200 , 300 mgl-1) respectively. In order to determine the best traits affecting on the yield, path coefficient analysis was used to divide the correlation coefficients of the yield with its components into direct and indirect effects. To determine the nature response of the different traits for both K and IAA, trend analysis was applied, in which mean squares were divided in a variance analysis table into linear, quadratic and cubic relationship. Significant correlation coefficients in a positive direction were obtained between the total yield and its contributing characters viz. (no . of female flowers , sex ratio , no. of fruits plant -1 , fruit weight and early yield). Number of fruits plant -1 was characterized with highest direct effect on the total yield , whereas, the highest indirect effects resulted from no. of fruits through fruit weight and from no. of female flowers through the path of no. of fruits plant -1. Trend analysis revealed a significant quadratic order regression form between K concentrations with plant height and fruit weight , while the relation between IAA concentrations with no. of branches and early yield showed a significant effect at the second order equation form.

Syria has a huge diversity of Olives, and most of the references refer that Syria is one of the center of origin for olives therefore it is important to utilize these genetic resources in breeding programs of cultivated olive varieties, as first step to achieve this objective it is very important to identify these genetic resources by using new & easy methods for discrimination and identification the relatedness between the big number of verities and types . Therefore we tried to use an alternative method of morphological characterization based on study the seed characters in term of its length, surface grooves by using geometrical equations, this method could be considered more accurate than the morphological characterization by using the naked eye due to the fact that this method is based on the photos which is taken with high resolution camera and analyze these images using the computer software especially programmed for these studies is purposes which is guaranteed the high accuracy and impartiality in the results .The results shows that the studied wild types and the cultivated varieties were divided into two groups where the first group contains Sorani variety collected from Afrin, Salqin and Harem and samples from Maari local variety. The similarity percentage between Sorani variety cultivated in Salqin and Maari variety cultivated in Mardibsi is about 96% which is higher than similarity ratio between Sorani samples this is indicate that the two names referring for the same varieties. In addition this group contains some wild types from Rajo Like BR5 and BR3 . While the second group divided into two subgroups the first one contains samples of Zieti variety cultivated in Afren, Salqin and Harem and some wild types from Rajo and Wadi, while the second subgroup contains 3 wild types which are BW1, BW2 and BW5 from one site which is Wadi in Harem.

The present work was undertaken to study the residual toxicity of the two insecticides Actara and Decirin against adult stink bug A. amygdali. The results showed that the type of insecticide, rate of application used and period after spraying of treated trees, all factors influenced the mortality of the adult A. amygdali. Actara gave 37.03% and 80.00% mortality at 0.1 and 2.5 mg/gal. application rates, respectively for 1 day. Decirin gave 33.33% mortality for 1 day at rate of 0.1 ml /gal. water, and rise to 83.33% when application rate rise to 2.5 ml/gal.

This research carried out in AL-Shallal nursery which located at Mosul city / Iraq, during the period from 15th September 2003 to the first of May 2004. Two weight of freesia corms, big (6-9) g and small 1.5g from two varieties (Freesia corona and Freesia Prominence) were planted at four different dates (15th Sept 6th Oct , 27th Oct , and 17th Nov , 2003) in clay pots (25 cm in a diameter) which filled with three different agriculture media as following :
1. Site soil + manure of sheep + building sand at a rate of 3 : 1 : 1 .
2. Site soil + peat moss + building sand at a rate of 3 : 1 : 1 .
3. Site soil + manure of sheep + peat moss at a rate 3 : 1/2 : 1/2 .
Result of this study could summaries as following :
Planting the big size of corms in 6th of October 2003 was one of the best treatment, which differ from all other treatment and caused a significant increase in flowering stage and the flowing feature of freesia corms .
This study refers that planting the small size of corms on 15th of September 2003 was the best treatment as a highest flower stem and large number of flowers stem and the greatest diameter . At the some times the small size of corms which planted at 27th November 2003 had the a significant effect on vegetative growth and number of new corms per plants . Using the first agriculture media had a significant effect on some of the corms and cormels yield features of both varieties . Result showed that there are significant differences between two varieties in the period of growing the flowerets shoot and a pearing the distinguished the period needs to open and according to these results corona variety is considered an earlier on caparison with prominence variety .

Information on genetic variability, heritability and genetic advance was estimated in six genotype of faba bean from different origin viz; Aquadulce, Spanish, Syrian, Babil, Twethah and white flower line. The experiment was carried out in a randomized block design with three replications. The results showed significant differences between the genotype for all studied characters. white flower line was superior for all the vegetative characters , number of pods and yield and it was tannin free as compared with other varieties. There was a high genetic and phynotic variation for the studied characters. Heritability estimates coupled with high genetic advance was observed for yield related characters. Grain yield was found to be positively correlated with, pod length, pod weight, seed number and weight. And 100 seed weight. These correlated yield components suggested that it may be a good selection criteria for further improvement.

1. Four olive cultivars in the Qmenas Gene Bank (Idlib province), located at 440 m above sea level, with average annual rainfall of 450-500 mm were studied during 2008 - 2009 The varieties studied were of two types: local (Doebli ,Muhasam) and two types of exotic introduced varieties (Coratina,Conservolia). Results revealed the followings: :
2. There was differences between many of the morphological traits studied In Doebli, the nature of the growth was spread, Muhasam var. fruit weight was too high (greater than 6 g) Its tree growth was strong and pending. Coratina growth habit was medium- sporadically pending and fruits were very long while growth habit in Conservolia was hierarchical with strong growth and the fruit weight was high (it is a table cultivars) a spherical coherent and seed weight is very high and the number of pointed oval grooves are high.
3. different dates of phenology stages were observed with vegetative growth starting early in the Muhasam The date of fruits discoloration began jumping into Doebli from mid-September until early October, followed by other cultivars.
4. Coratina leaf area( 4.37 cm2 ) surpassing others with significant differences
5. Fruit weight in the table cultivars Muhasam and Conservolia increased to 4.96 and4.63 g, respectively, and were significantly superior compared to Coratina (3.03 g).
6. Fruit oil content in Doebli (25.9%), Coratina (21.1%) was significantly superior as compared with Muhasam (12.5%) and Conservolia (11.9%).
7. Significant higher proportion of oleic acid to 71.33% in Muhasam. and Doebli. This was also marked by significant increase in the proportion of linoleic acid (10.96%).

The results of survey carried out in Mosul university gardens during the years 2006 and 2007 showed that disease incidence and severity of kochia wilt were gradually increased by age of plant from July until October .Disease incidence and severity for two years were 85.6% , 0.35 , 97.2% and 0.41 respectively on kochia. Results of isolation and diagnosis showed that kochia wilt was caused by F.oxysporum Schlecht Snyder & Hansen .This is the first record of F. oxysporum on kochia in Iraq. To control the disease the following treatments: Alsa ,Topsin , Techazole ,Swich , Bettanol, Halex and Trichoderma were used . Results indicated that Topsin and Alsa were the most effective fungicides in reducing the disease incidence to 61.67 and 61.67% respectively as compared with 100% in control treatment . On the other hand Techazole and Halex were the best in increasing plant high, number of branches , fresh and dry weight of vegetative part. Root dipping of plant seedling in fungicide solution was more efficient than the soil fungicide drenching of seedling in controlling the disease.

This study was carried out in the college of Agriculture, Duhok University / Sumail to study the effect of Pot diameter, Organic fertilizer as solution of Rock Dove manure on growth and flowering of Pericallis X hybrida. From results of these experiments, the following conclusions may be draw: Potting plants in 20 cm diameter pots gave significantly best results for leaves number 9.01 leaf/plant, amount of chlorophyll content 69.47 mg/gm fresh weight, inflorescence height 18.49 cm and inflorescence number 41.00 inflorescence/plant. Plants manured with 10 gm/ pot/ week Rock Dove manure gave significantly better character for leaves number 9.09 leaf/ plant, amount of chlorophyll 70.28 mg/ gm fresh weight, dry weight of vegetative growth 3.26 gm/ plant, inflorescence height 18.11 cm, seed production 0.151 gm/ plant, and leaf content of NPK. But these treatments caused significantly decreasing in flowering duration. In conclusion, using 20 cm pot with addition of 10 gm/ pot/ week Rock Dove manure gave the best results for almost all characters studied.

This study was conducted on young peach trees CV.Dixired which were budded on peach seedling rootstock and planted in the pomology field/ Horticulture and Landscape Design Dept. during 2008 growing season to know the effect of three levels of nitrogen fertilizer (0, 50 and 100 gm N.tree-1) and foliar spray with three levels of GA3 (0, 50 and 100 mg GA3 .L.-1) . Results indicated that the application of nitrogen or GA3 individually or together leads to asignificant effect on leaves N,P and carbohydrates, leaves total chlorophyll content, leaves number, tree leaves area, number and length of branches, trees height and main stem diameter. The best results were obtained in the interaction treatment of 100 gm.N.tree-1+ 50mg.GA3.L.-1 which gave the highest means of most studied parameters.

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of seed wight ,scarification and chilling at - 6±2 c for three period vis . 0 ,24 and 48 hour .The results revealed the superior of the seed weight 40-45 mg in alls character studied and gave high average of germination energy ,germination percentage , seedling length numbre of leaves and dry weight of stem and leaves (53.82%,32.80% ,29.25 cm,23.27 and 3.42 gm,4.34 gm). The scarification seeds showed superiority in all characters except the dry weight of stem and giving highest averge of germination energy 51.62% germination percentage 35.12 %,seedling length 28.41 cm number of leave 24.41 and dry weight of leave 5.10 gm . The chilling period 48 hour was superioir in alls character germination energy 51.18% germination percentage 35.53% , seedling length 32.12 cm , number of the leave 26.56 ,dry weight of stem3.12 gm and leave 4.70 gm . The interaction weight 40-45 mg scarification, interaction weight 40-45 mg chilling period 48 hour, The interaction scarification and chilling period 48 hour were the best interactions in all characters.

The present study was carried out in October . ( 2008 ) to April ( 2009 ), of Gladiolus plants " White prosperity " cv. terminal dormant buds length 0.5cm cultured on MS medium supplemented with NAA , 2,4-D , TDZ , BA . or 1cm part of root produced in vitro cultured in MS medium supplemented with different growth regulator for callus induction and differentiation , data taken after 10 weeks . Data refers , highest percentage for callus formation was obtained from culture dormant terminal buds on MS medium supplemented with 6 mg/L NAA and this gave large amount of callus which need 35 days for induction , these callus cultured on MS medium free from hormones as control or supplemented with ( 1 mg/L kin + 0.1 mg/L NAA ) or (2 mg/L kin + 0.2 mg/L NAA ) the treatment at (2 mg/L kin + 0.2 mg/L NAA ) gave significant effect for all parameter , high percentage 80% for callus differentiation and highest number of shoot 9 shoot / explant with highest shoot length 5.5 cm and highest number of root 15 root / explant with longer root 4.5 cm , callus cultured on control treatment did not differentiation . Callus obtained with percentage 70-90 from cultured parts of root on MS medium supplemented with (2 mg/L 2,4-D + o.6 mg/L NAA ) , (5 mg/L 2,4-D + 2 mg/L kin ) , (1 mg/L NAA + 1 mg/L kin ) . Callus produced from (5 mg/L 2,4-D + o.6 mg/L kin ) treatment cultured on MS medium supplemented with ( 0.0 , 1 mg/L kin , 2 mg/L BA ) and this callus gave highest percentage 80% of shoots production from cultured on MS medium supplemented with 2 mg/L BA and highest shoot lengths 5 cm and highest number of root 16 root / explant and 5.5 cm length . shoots produced from Callus , cultured on MS medium with 1 mg/L IBA to rooting after that transport to laboratory to grow normally with survival 100%.

This research conducted during the growing season, 2006/ 2007 at the department of Horticulture and landscape design, college of Agriculture and forestry, Mosul university, IRAQ. The goals of this study was to investigate the effect of three concentrations of zinc element (0, 50 and 100 mg zn/L) and three concentration of liquorice root extract (0, 2 and 4gm/L) used as a foliar spray on vegetative and flowering parameters of two strawberry varieties (Hapil and Kaiser's samlling). A spilt-split plot within RCBD design with three replicates (each include 12 plants) was applied in this research . All data were teasted by using Duncan's multiple range teast under 5% level. Results obtained indicated that, Hapil variety significantly overtopped in average single leaf area, number of rooted stolensو total chlorophyll content and percentage of flowers set, while kaiser's samilng variety significantly superior in both number of crowns and flower's per plant. Spraying of 100 mg/L of zinc caused a significant increase in both number of crowns and flowers per plant. At the same time, the second conc. of liquorices (2 gm/L) gave a significant increase in average leaf area and foliage dry weight, but the third conc. (4gm/L) of liquorices caused a significant increase in both number of stolen and flowers per plant and total chlorophyll content.An additional increases were noticed in some vegetative and flowering parameters in both strawberry varieties by applying both bi or third interaction treatments.

The study was conducted in the lathhouse of Horticulture Department – College of Agri. Baghdad University at Fall season 2005 to investigate the effect of electric field on the vegetative flowering and bulbs growth characters of Iris hollandica. Three levels of electric current severity AC 6, 8, 10 Ampere and three timing of electric shock 2, 4, 6 minutes were tested. A special electric apparatus was designed for this purpose. The bulbs were soaked before treatment for 3hrs in a 1% NaCl solution, then soaked in a fresh water for the same period 3hrs before planting in the soil. Bulbs which were exposed to 8 A × 6 mins significantly increased the plant height 68.18 cm., flower stem length 59.35 cm., flower stem diameter 1.45 cm. and vase life 10.23 days. While the treatment 8 A × 4 mins reduced the emerging date to 8.87 days and flowering date 112.91 days. The treatment 8 A × 2 mins increased leaf area 612.10 cm2, dry matter percentage of vegetative growth 29.12%, No. of bulblets 7.47 and total bulb weight 30.45 gm. While the flower diameter was increased to 13.00 when the bulbs exposed to 10 A × 2 mins

A field experiment was conducted during spring season of 2007 and 2008 , to study the seed yield as affect by three sowing dates (10th Feb , 20th Feb and 1st Mar.), with two planting distances ( 25 and 35 cm) , was carried out in the first season on two cultivars namely Nadi F1 and Asma F1 of summer squash , whereas, the second season included three cultivars were included in the second season by introducing Mulla-Ahmad cultivar (inbred) . The results indicated that plants sowed in the first and second dates gave the highest values in dry weight plant -1 , total fruit yield and seed yield plant -1 , while , plant distance at 25 cm produced greatest total seeds yield . The hybrid Asma was distinguished with most studied traits as compared with Nadi F1 and Mulla-Ahmad cultivars . The best interaction in the first season was obtained from plants sowed in the first planting date at 25 cm of Nadi cultivar , whereas in the second season Asma cultivar gave the highest seeds yield in the same previously mentioned interaction treatment .

stimulated embryos were excised from Elettaria cardamomum Maton. Seeds. The best of these were obtained from micropropagation MS + 2,4-D 5.0 mg/L for 20 days, and grown on the initiation medium MS+ BA 4.0 mg/L+NAA 1.0 mg/L.They were differentiated to form plants in one–step regeneration with a number of 54 plants in an average of 18 plants/callus piece after 210 days of culture and in a response percentage of 75%.Cardamom seed embryos, stimulated on the medium MS+2,4-D 25.0 mg/L for 20 days and subsequently cultured on initiation medium MS+BA 2.5 mg/L + NAA 1.0 mg/L.They showed an ability to produce callus which were differentiated to plants in one–step regeneration earlier in comparision with a number of 45 plants, at an average of 15 plants/callus piece after 210 days of culture and in a response percentage of 60%.This study succeeded in obtaining callus from immature embryos, removed from cardamom seeds, stimulated by the medium MS+2,4-D 20.0 mg/L and then grown on initiation medium MS+BA 1.5 mg/L +2,4-D 1.0 mg/L after 52 days post- culture in a percentage of 50%.The best of average fresh weight of callus was 2.76 gm after 120days of culture. The regenerated plants from tissue culture were successfully acclimatized after being hardened.

This study was carried out during 2008 growing season on peach trees (Prunus persica L.) cv. Early Coronet selected from orchard in Seiujh - Duhok city - Kurdistan Region, Iraq, to investigate the effect of [Naphthalene acetic acid [NAA, Riedel-de Haen (0 and 5 mg.l-1); KNO3 (Merck) (0, 0.1 and 0.2 %), and Fe (NaFeEDDHA) Technical Sodium Ferric ethylenediamine di-o-hydroxyphenyle acetate (0, 30 and 60 mg.l-1] on growth and fruit characteristics. One month after fruit set, trees were sprayed at two date (24/April/2008 and 25/May/2008) with NAA, KNO3 and Fe. Raising the levels of NAA to 5 mg.l-1, KNO3 to 0.2 % and Fe to 60 mg.l-1 led to a significant increase in the value of shoot dry weight, total chlorophyll, fruit number, fruit length, fruit diameter, total carotene as compared with untreated trees. The interaction between Foliar spray of 5 mg.l-1 NAA 0.2% KNO3 60 mg.l-1 Fe were the best treatment which gave the highest means of shoot dry weight, total chlorophyll, fruit number, fruit length, fruit diameter and total carotene.

The efficiency of ant workers Messor rufitarsis in transmitting of un culturing seeds during the years of 2004 and 2005 were studied, It was found that ant workers dispersed the seeds of lettuce, cabbage, snake cucumber, barley, muskmelon and wheat untreated with cruiser insecticide in addition to the seeds of the last two types of seeds treated with insecticide that placed at the dimensions of 0.1, 2, 4, 6, 8 & 10 m. Far from the ant nest opening, while the seeds of parsley, cress and celery that treated with the insecticide and placed at 10 m. Far from the nest opening with were remained with value of average 23.66, 23.46 & 22.26 seeds, respectively In 2005, M. rufitarsis the ant workers had dispersed all the treated and untreated seeds with insecticide which comprised snake cucumber, grass, wheat, barley, radish and cauliflower in addition to the untreated seeds with the insecticide for each of muskmelon, parsley, carrots, table beet, squash and cabbage that is placed at 0.1 m. Far from the nest opening.

Monomorium sp. ant species were found on Broad Bean plants planted in 2004. The highest avarages of the workers and nymphs of Broad Bean aphids Aphis sp. which recorded 21.91 worker and 514.80 nymph in the middle of April in 2004, a positive-significant corelation between the previous mentioned ant species and Broad Bean nymphs. In 2005 the highest averages of another species of ant workers of Tapinoma simrothi Krausse aphid nymphs and aphid being parasitized on were recorded on Broad Bean plants at the end of March which reached 22.25 worker, (476.10 and 129.42) nymph for each one of them respectively a positive-significant relationship with high rate of significance between the previously mentioned ant workers and the Broad Bean nymphs had been noticed.

Shoot tips and nodes of two carnation cultivars "Jeanne Dionis Blano" a white flower cv. and "Marie Chabaud Jaune" a yellow flower cv. taken from the field were planted on MS medium supplemented with kinetin at (0.0 , 2.0 , 4.0, 6.0 , 8.0) ml/L. Shoots of "Jeanne Dionis Blano" produced in vitro were rooted on half strength MS medium supplemented with IAA . Data shows that shoot tip response were 100% for in vitro culture . There is no significant differences on shoot numbers between the two cultivars in multiplication stage, shoot tips planting on MS medium supplemented with 8.0mg/L Kin gave the highest number 14.95 shoot/explant in multiplication stage and gave 16.90 shoot/explant for white cv., no significant differences between cultivars from culture node of the two cultivars at the multiplication stage highest shoots number 6.07 shoot/explant were obtained from the node culture on MS medium at 2.0 mg/L Kin and the highest shoot number 12.70 shoot were obtained from shoot tip culture of yellow cv. on MS medium supplemented with 8.0 mg/L Kin, shoots which produced in vitro for white cv. gave the highest rooting 50% with the highest root number 1.75 root/shoot when culture on half strength MS medium supplemented with 1.5 mg /L IAA . All the plantlets which produced in vitro acclimatized in laboratory then transferred to the greenhouse to grow normally.