EFFECT OF SOME INSECTICIDES ON APHID INSECT MYZUS PERSICAE ( Sulzer ) AND IT S PREDATORS AND PARASITES

Present study aimed to determine the effects of three insecticides which were Actara, Match and Nimex on Myzuspersicae (Sulzer) and on it’s both parasite Aphidiusmatricariae Halidayand predators Coccinellaseptempunctata L. and CoccinellanovemnotataHerbst. Results showed that all three insecticides effected parasitic efficiency, of Aphidiusmatricariaeand Nimex recorded highest mortality rate on Myzuspersicae (Sulzer) which was 98-73. All three used pesticides (Actara, Match and Nimex) affected predatory and parasitic efficiency after direct exposure, while less effects the same pesticides on predator efficiency of both C.septempunctata and C. novemnotata have been recorded after indirect treatment.


INTRODUCTION
The use of selective pesticides andsafe methods which specific only there target (pest)doesn't affect to natural enemies that highly efficient in reducing the number of prey specially aphids and other insect families that important to the biological control such as Coccinelled, including CoccinellaseptempunctataL., seven-spotted ladybird, and nine-spotted ladybird Coccinellanovemnotataherbst (Al-Mallah, and Al-Mikhlafi, 2005). Pesticide such as trigard has direct impact on aphids and reduce it is number without affecting the efficiency of their biological enemies (Al-Mallah and Ali,2007).
According to the previous study by Abdel-Wali,et al.(2007), which reported that0.5% concentration of trigard had a fatal effect on seven-spotted ladybird, in mean of 47.3 and 43 insect for both male and femalerespectively. Many insecticidesuch as Sumicidin, Abamectin, Pirimicarb and Actara have been used against insect pest of peach specially Aphids which attacks 44 plant families (Palumbo, 2011).
However, other investigation proved that pesticide like trigard not affected the predatory efficiency of Coccinellanovemnotata and parasitic efficiency of Aphidiusmatricariae (Fuentes-Contreras et al.,2007andSaljoqi andVan Emdem,2003).Actara pesticide which is derived from Benzoylphenylurea, considered as systemic insecticide it affects acetylcholine receptors in the central nervous system of insects (Silva et al., 2012). Recently, Botanical insecticides or plant extracts such as neem oil have been shown to be very effective against insects in many ways, the ingestion of green pesticides by insect cause death, however they are harmless for human ( Silva et al., 2012). The mode of action of Botanical pesticide have been explained byBaozhuZhong et al. (2017) andFuentes-Contreraset al.(2007), that neem oil causes hormonal imbalance which prevent larval growth and cause death. Additionally,larvicidal effects of neem oil has been recorded against more than 200 insect species, also azadirachinewhich can be extracted from neem tree showed larvicidal activity by 60 to 70% after 3 to 14From treatment days (Palumbo et al., 2008).Secondary plant product such as tetranortriterpenoid from neem leaves or seeds has bitter test which inhibit juvenile hormone in insect and result in death of insect from all stages of their (larvae, pupae and nymphs), thus, immune system of insect cannot response (Zanuncioet a., 2016).

MATERIALS AND METHODS
The present study was conducted during 2018 _2017 at the department of Plant Protection -Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry University of Mosul, the investigation carried out under controlled laboratory condition (at an average temperature of 20+ 5º C and relative humidity 45+ 5%. This study includes the following points: First: Insect Breeding The different life stages of the Spotted ladybirdCoccinellaseptempunctata and Spotted ladybirdCoccinellanovemnotata predator were collected from infected potato fields. The eggs(over 350 eggs) were kept in sterile plastic petri-dishes with a diameter of 9 cm and observed daily until hatching while larvae and adults were isolated in small breeding cages (10 x 20 x 15 cm) and provided with leaves of infected potato with aphids. Specialized cages have been used for the collection of aphids Myzuspersicafrom untreated field with pesticide for more than one season. All samples (ladybirds,aphids and parasite ) were sent for diagnosis at the Museum of Natural History in Baghdad. Second: use of three insecticides against aphid insects: Three different insecticides have been used against aphid insects, each with labeling recommended concentration which were Actara, Match and Nimexat concentration of 0.5, 0.4, 0.5 %, respectively. Five replications of each concentrationwere used for increased the rate of accuracy, each concentration prepared in 2mlwhile the control treatment was sprayed with 2 ml of distal water, each treatmentincluded one refined 20 immature insect and placed on leafs of plant in a Petri dish was treated using 2 mlwhile the control treatment was sprayed with 2 ml of distal water. Finally, all readings recorded after 24 hours of incubation under laboratorycontrolled condition and results corrected by Abbott (1925). Third: Effects of three different pesticide according different treatment methods on aphid insects.  Three different types of treatment have been used for each pesticide Actara, Match and Nimex each with it is recommended concentration 0.05, 0.04, 0.05 m/1L, respectively. In order to determine the best efficiency, first treatment included leaf plant, second treatment included leaf plant with the aphids and third treatment included sprinkles of the plant leaf with both prey and predator. Each treatment which contains 100 insects (20 in each replicate) male or female 4 ml of pesticide prepared and hand sprayed. Five replications of each treatment increased the rate of accuracy and also for the purpose of comparison control treatment has been sprayed with 2 ml of distal water. Finally, all readings recorded after 24 hours of incubation under laboratory controlled condition.The death rate in ladybirds male and female were calculated after 5 days of treatment and the death rates were corrected by Abbott equation, longevity and death rate have been recorded after 5-10 days of parasitic infections. All results recorded and corrected by Abbott (1925). The results were analyzed using completely randomized design (CRD) and the Duncan test at a 5% probability level to determined the significant differences by using SAS program.
Efficiency predator × 100 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Present study aimed to determine the effects of three insecticides which were Actara, Match and Nimex on Myzuspersicaeand their natural enemies: First: The effects of three insecticideson Myzuspersicae. According to the results in the Table (2), Nimex recorded highest mortality rate which was 98-73 and followed by Actara and Match at the range of 96-71 and 87-63, respectively. Second: Effect of pesticides and different treatment methods on predatory efficiency of C. septempunctata, C. novemnotata and parasitic efficiency of Aphidiusmatricariae The effects of three treatment methods each with three insecticides for both female and male of C.septempunctata and C. novemnotata have been recorded. Results in Table (3) showed that different insecticides and treatment methods had significant effects on efficiency of predator, also present result showed the effects of different treatment methods on both male and female separately. Predator efficiency according to the interaction between insecticides and sex of C.septempunctatahave been recorded regardless the methods of treatment, recorded result in male were 79.3, 77.3 and 75.3 for Actara, Match and Nimex, respectively. While recorded result in female were 66.6, 76.6 and 71 for Actara, Match and Nimex, respectively. As shown in Figure (   Predator efficiency according to the interaction between treatment methods and sex of C. novemnotatahave been recorded regardless the type of insecticide, as showninfigure (4). The results of present investigation showed that all three used pesticides (Actara, Match and Nimex) affected predatory and parasitic efficiency after direct exposure, while less effects of same pesticides on predator efficiency of both C.septempunctata and C. novemnotata have been recorded after indirect treatment, less affects maybe due to the feeding strategies of predator which preferred uncontaminated prey with insecticide. The highest predator efficiency in seven pointed lady bird recorded which due to the size and needs of this insect. This finding agree with previous study done by (Abdel-Waliet al., 2007 andZanuncioet al.,2016). The effects of three treatment methods each with three insecticides on rate of parasitic infection, longevity and killing rate of Aphidiusmatricariae have been recorded and detailed result have been shown in Table (4). The interaction between effects of three treatment methods and three insecticides on rate of infection, emergent rate and killing rate have been recorded and detailed result have been shown in Table ( 4). Results showed that first treatment method was the safest way and killing rate not exceed 23.7 % which followed by second and third treatment methods.