Mesopotamia Journal of Agriculture

This study aimed to investigate the potential of natural coumarin derivatives abstracted from Delicious golden apple seeds and anpro supplementation to neutralize aflatoxin B1 in the Coturnix japonica (quail) diet. Next to the isolation of natural coumarins, symbolized here as C1 and C2, fifty three-week-old quails were randomized and identically separated into five dietary-treatment (DT) groups. DT1 served as a negative control group, in which the quails received unpolluted feed. While in the DT2 positive control group, the animal was fed a diet polluted with aflatoxin B1 (0.5 mg/kg). For DT3, the diet was polluted with aflatoxin B1 and treated with Anpro at a concentration of 1 g/kg. The diets of DT4 and DT5 were polluted with aflatoxin B1 and treated with C1 and C2 at a concentration of 250 mg/kg, respectively. According to the research, aflatoxin B1 contamination results in a considerable reduction in packed cell volume (PCV), red blood cell counts (RBC), hemoglobin (Hb), blood glucose, total blood protein, and superoxide dismutase (SOD) levels. Also, this contamination causes the number of total white blood cells (WBC) and the level of uric acid in the blood to significantly increase. Moreover, the analyzed hematological and biochemical variables can be boosted by adding Anpro, C1 and C2 to the meals polluted with aflatoxin B1. These findings led the authors to the conclusion that Anpro, C1, and C2 can serve as beneficial dietary supplements to the quail in order to counteract aflatoxin B1's detrimental effects.

Wheat production in Iraq under permanent farming systems faced sharp seasonal fluctuations during the previous years resulting from the fluctuation of climatic conditions that affected yield and production, and for the rational use of scarce water resources, an effective system to improve irrigation, and the research aimed to estimate the technical efficiency of wheat farms by analytical method The random borderline and using the superior logarithmic production function, based on field data for a random sample of 30 farms in the district of Al-Baaj, Nineveh Governorate. It is the responsibility of this sample to produce the same amount of wheat using only 94% or less of the inputs to reach the optimum efficiency, and it was also found that there is a positive relationship between the number of irrigations, the quantity of pesticides, the area and the yield of wheat, while this output is related to an inverse relationship with agricultural work and the quantity of seeds And fertilizers, whereby an increase in the amount of fertilizers by 15% exceeds the need for the crop of wheat by 1%, which leads to a decrease in production by 0.15%, and this in turn led to Waste of resources and consequently low technical efficiency below the optimum level.

Results indicated that the chamomile as an L. fabarum attracting plant gave a height average mummy to Myzus persicae and Aphis fabae gave (45.06 ± 8.78, 262.00 ± 12.16) mummy. Followed by the coriander plant which showed (35.80 ± 9.15 and 215.00 ± 8.71) mummy for each Myzus persicae and Aphis fabae, respectively. The basil plant showed the least average number of mummies for the two insects (25.78 ± 2.77 and 192.33 ± 13.65) mummy reach of the Myzus persicae and Aphis fabae.
However, it was higher than the control upon the Myzus persicae and Aphis fabae (14.71 ± 2.70 and 124.33 ± 22.27) mummy, respectively.
The parasitism rate was affected by the increase in the number of mummies, where the chamomile plant showed the highest parasitization rate on Myzus persicae (70.47 ± 4.05) %, followed by the coriander plant (65.90 ± 5.63%), then basil plant (52.77 ±2.24) %, while the control treatment was the least in parasitism (30.38 ± 4.09) %. On the other hand, the percentage of parasitism on Aphis fabae was superior in all treatments of Aphis fabae above the control group (63.29 ± 2.22, 62.16 ± 1.82, 59.66 ± 5.79 and 30.29 ± 1.52).

This study aimed to investigate the existence of wheat seed gall nematode Anguina tritici in the silos and some wheat fileds in Duhok province / Kurdistan Region - Iraq.,and diagnose four new isolates of this nematode on wheat and one isolate on barley collected from different loactions in Iraq.The results indiacted that wheat impurities samples were infested with seed galls by 66 % as the highest percentager in silo of Faidia during 2020, while the lowest (6%) recoded in the silo of Zakho during the same year.The highest disease incidence was recorded in the wheat fields of Akre by 34.6%,while the lowest (2%) in the wheat fields of Semel. Molecular identification results revealed that the bands of amplified DNA products of all nematode isolates were visualized by agarose gel electrophoresis in the same position ("~" up to 750 bp).Sequencing of the partial gene 5.8S rRNA gene confirmed that all nematode isolates belong to seed gall nematode A.tritici, also a description of their accession number by blast program showed the same percentage identitiy (100 %), and their comparision by a DNA Dot Plot emphasized that they are genetically similar. Results of phylogenetic tree analysis showed grouping of nematode isolates with each other and with the other two isolates of the same species from Iraq,whilst nucleotide variations increased with other nematode species of the same genus,and increased more with other nematode species of the same family (Anguinidae).

Abstract: Recent years have witnessed a noticeable revolution in the agriculture sector. Most of our life aspects are controlled by main two factors, namely, economic and geographical. These factors are also considered the key role in the development of the agriculture sector. This sector represents one of the most crucial factors that contributes in continuing our life. This work shed the light on the use of economic and geographical aspects in a large-scale investigation agriculture research in rural areas. Many factors that were involved in studies of Western European countries are considered in this work. Moreover, issues related to literature approaches are analyzed including their different types. We believe that the findings of this work are of interest to researchers in the agriculture sector.

Abstract: Recent years have witnessed a noticeable revolution in the agriculture sector. Most of our life aspects are controlled by main two factors, namely, economic and geographical. These factors are also considered the key role in the development of the agriculture sector. This sector represents one of the most crucial factors that contributes in continuing our life. This work shed the light on the use of economic and geographical aspects in a large-scale investigation agriculture research in rural areas. Many factors that were involved in studies of Western European countries are considered in this work. Moreover, issues related to literature approaches are analyzed including their different types. We believe that the findings of this work are of interest to researchers in the agriculture sector.

To investigate the effect of castration and live body weight at slaughter on fatty acid composition, a total of 48 entire male kids (24 Meriz and 24 Black goat) were selected at weaning (90-120 days of age) and weighing 10.99 and 11.21kg, respectively from commercial goat farm were used. After an adaptation period for a week, the kids of both breeds were randomly divided in to two groups, the first was castrated, whereas the second groups were left intact, and then were allocated to be slaughtered at 15,20 and 25kg live body weight. All kids were placed in individual pens and fed concentrate diet and weighed at weekly interval kids. After slaughtering and chilling the carcass for 24h fed. The L. dorsi muscle was removed from each carcass and utilized for fatty acid composition.
Results obtained revealed that saturated fatty acids (SFAs)have the highest contribution, followed by poly unsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) and mono -unsaturated fatty acid (MUSFs). Kidsk goat had a significantly (p

The objective of the current study was to assess the effects of utilizing Moringa oleifera at various inclusion levels in fish meal-based diets for common carp fish. In contrast to control treatments without Moringa oleifera, leaves floated on water MOLW when was present in this experiment at doses of 2%, 4%, and 6%. Fish are fed twice daily at a 3 percent weight feeding ratio. We weigh the fish every two weeks up until the last week of the experiment (84 days). The T3 diet, which included 4% MOLW, had the highest rate of relative growth rate 99.65, significantly higher, at the probability level significantly (P

This study examined the factors that influenced choice of energy type for cooking among rural households in Egbeda Local Government Area of Oyo State, Nigeria. A total of one hundred and twenty (120) copies of questionnaire were randomly administered on the respondents through a multi-stage random sampling technique. Both descriptive and inferential statistics were used to analyze the data. The descriptive statistics used were frequency tables, percentages, mean, pie chart and bar chart while the inferential statistic used was Multinomial Logistic Regression. The results indicate that about 49% of the respondents were male while about 51% were female. The result of the multinomial logistic regression model showed age, marital status, educational status, household size, number of cooking per day as well as monthly income were among the factors that influenced respondents’ choice of energy type for cooking at 5% level of significance. Some factors were also identified by respondents as constraints to their choice of energy for cooking in the study area. These include high cost of energy, inadequate access to energy source, inadequate energy supply as well as low quality of energy. Consequent upon this, it is therefore recommended that government should ensure considerable reduction in prices of energy sources like electricity, gas and kerosine so as to reduce pressure on the choice of fuelwood as energy source. This will thereby reduce the mounting pressure on the forests in search of wood for fuel. As a corollary, people should also be encouraged to plant trees.

ABSTRACT
The present study was aimed to investigate the effect of estrogen and testosterone as antioxidants and their ability to prevent the effect of H2O2-induced oxidative stress and their reflections on blood parameters and antioxidant status of male rabbits. 72 adult male rabbits were divided randomly into 12 groups (6/group), 1st group: Intact, 2nd group: Intact-H2O2, 3rd group: Castrated, 4th group: Castrated-H2O2, 5th group: Intact-H2O2-Testosterone, 6th group: Castrated-H2O2-Testoterone, 7th group: Intact-H2O2-Estrogen, 8th group: Castrated-H2O2-Estrogen, 9th group: Intact-Testosterone, 10th group: Castrated-Testosterone, 11th group: Intact-Estrogen, 12th group: Castrated-Estrogen, treatments continued for 4 weeks. Results showed that castration increased significantly GSH, TAC, TG, HDL-C levels, and significantly decreased MDA, AST, ALT levels. Treatment with H2O2 caused a significant decrease in the levels of GSH, TAC, HDL-C, total proteins, and a significant increase in the levels of MDA, cholesterol, TG, LDL-C, ALT, AST compared to untreated group. On the other hand, estrogen treatment improves TAC, GSH and lipid profile and reduce MDA significantly as compared with testosterone treatment and control group. In regard to interaction effects, castration without H2O2- estrogen treatment reduces the stress as represented by the reduction of MDA, risk index, ALT and elevate the GSH and TAC levels. These results indicate that castration and estrogen treatment of castrated and intact male rabbits reduce stress effects and improve the lipid profile and some immunological measures.

The research aims to study and measure the impact of macro policies (monetary and financial) on the agricultural sector and economic growth in some Arab countries, (Saudi Arabia and Jordan), with special reference to Iraq. The research relied on the descriptive approach with quantitative analysis using the statistical program (Eviews10). The research included a time series over a period of thirty-one years (1990-2020). Estimated from the first model on the economic growth of the second stage v Using the two-stage method, in order to reach more accurate results, and one of the most important conclusions reached by the research is that all economic variables are stable at the first level and difference, so the ARDL autoregressive vector model was chosen to estimate the relationship between the long and short term variables. This model was used in order to know the nature of the relationship shown by the macro policies (financial and monetary) in the agricultural sector and the economic growth rates of all the sample countries, as it was found that the policies followed by the sample countries were ineffective. Which contributed to the low added value of the agricultural sector and thus reduced economic growth, especially in Iraq and Saudi as they are oil countries, while in Jordan the added value increased economic growth. The researcher recommended raising the efficiency of fiscal and monetary policies by relying on mechanisms that raise the agricultural added value, which in turn works to raise the economic growth rates of the sample countries

To study the impact of the body condition score (BCS) of ewes on body weight (BW) and body weight gain (BWG) of ewes and lambs and the effect of weaning age on BW and BWG of lambs, thirty Awassi ewes (2–3 years old) with their borne male lambs were used in the study. Ewes condition-scored and assigned to three groups, 1st, 2nd and 3rd groups were with BCS 2.5, 3 and 3.5 respectively. Lambs weaned neither 60 or 90 days (5 lambs for each), the study lasted 90 days. The analyzed data showed significant (P≤0.05) differences in high BCS ewes; also, lambs BW increased significantly by 3 and 3.5 compared with 2.5 BCS at the 4th, 6th, and 8th weeks of the study. Total BWG was higher significantly for BCS 3 and 3.5 ewe’s lambs. While body weight increased significantly for BCS 3 and 3.5 ewe lambs at the 10th and 12th weeks of study. Ewes were significantly heavier whose weaned her lambs at 60 days, while lambs weaned at 90 days had higher BW at the 10th and 12th weeks of the study. BWG was better significantly (P≤0.05) for BCS- 2.5 and 3 in lambs at 12th week. In conclusion, this means that BCS-3 lambs had a higher