Mesopotamia Journal of Agriculture

This study aimed to investigate the potential of natural coumarin derivatives abstracted from Delicious golden apple seeds and anpro supplementation to neutralize aflatoxin B1 in the Coturnix japonica (quail) diet. Next to the isolation of natural coumarins, symbolized here as C1 and C2, fifty three-week-old quails were randomized and identically separated into five dietary-treatment (DT) groups. DT1 served as a negative control group, in which the quails received unpolluted feed. While in the DT2 positive control group, the animal was fed a diet polluted with aflatoxin B1 (0.5 mg/kg). For DT3, the diet was polluted with aflatoxin B1 and treated with Anpro at a concentration of 1 g/kg. The diets of DT4 and DT5 were polluted with aflatoxin B1 and treated with C1 and C2 at a concentration of 250 mg/kg, respectively. According to the research, aflatoxin B1 contamination results in a considerable reduction in packed cell volume (PCV), red blood cell counts (RBC), hemoglobin (Hb), blood glucose, total blood protein, and superoxide dismutase (SOD) levels. Also, this contamination causes the number of total white blood cells (WBC) and the level of uric acid in the blood to significantly increase. Moreover, the analyzed hematological and biochemical variables can be boosted by adding Anpro, C1 and C2 to the meals polluted with aflatoxin B1. These findings led the authors to the conclusion that Anpro, C1, and C2 can serve as beneficial dietary supplements to the quail in order to counteract aflatoxin B1's detrimental effects.

This study aimed to investigate the existence of wheat seed gall nematode Anguina tritici in the silos and some wheat fileds in Duhok province / Kurdistan Region - Iraq.,and diagnose four new isolates of this nematode on wheat and one isolate on barley collected from different loactions in Iraq.The results indiacted that wheat impurities samples were infested with seed galls by 66 % as the highest percentager in silo of Faidia during 2020, while the lowest (6%) recoded in the silo of Zakho during the same year.The highest disease incidence was recorded in the wheat fields of Akre by 34.6%,while the lowest (2%) in the wheat fields of Semel. Molecular identification results revealed that the bands of amplified DNA products of all nematode isolates were visualized by agarose gel electrophoresis in the same position ("~" up to 750 bp).Sequencing of the partial gene 5.8S rRNA gene confirmed that all nematode isolates belong to seed gall nematode A.tritici, also a description of their accession number by blast program showed the same percentage identitiy (100 %), and their comparision by a DNA Dot Plot emphasized that they are genetically similar. Results of phylogenetic tree analysis showed grouping of nematode isolates with each other and with the other two isolates of the same species from Iraq,whilst nucleotide variations increased with other nematode species of the same genus,and increased more with other nematode species of the same family (Anguinidae).

The study dealt with anatomical characters of 11 plant species Bellevalia chrisii, Bellevalia flexuosa, Bellevalia kurdistanica, Bellevalia longipes, Bellevalia macrobotrys, Bellevalia parva, Bellevalia pycnantha, Bellevalia saviczii, O. brachystachys, O. neurosteginm, O. pyrenaicum that belong two genera Bellevalia and Ornithogalum from Asparagaceae family growing in different area in Iraq. The pericarp consist from three layers, there outer exocarp, middle mesocarp and enter endocarp. The results show the number of lobes from each species and there were tailored of the most species, except the fruit of Bellevalia saviczii was bilobed while the specie O. pyrenaicum fruit was multilobed. Also the anatomical sections of fruits showed the shape of seeds which were different like elongated, ovoid, semi ovoid, spherical and semi spherical, the measurements shows the Bellevalia chrisii that had most thickness of seeds which was 170 m, While the species Bellevalia pycnantha recorded the lowest thickness of 50 m. and the shape of cells which all were globular, the results also cleared the vessels bands in the mesophyll of fruits.

For the first time wilt symptoms have been detected on the Snapdragon (Antirrhinum majus L) plants cultivated in the parks of Mosul University. The isolation of fungi from wilted plants on PDA medium revealed the presence of seven genera including; Alternaria, Aspergillus, Cladosporium, Fusarium, Macrophomina, Penicillium and Stemphyllium. Fusarium oxysporum was the most frequent fungi approached 36.0 x 10² Colony Forming Unit/gm soil. F.oxysporum reduced significantly the chlorophyll content of infected plants, and the percentage of its inhibition increased up to 81.88 in severe infections. The infection caused significance stunting of plants when plant height inhibited by 58.09% in dead plants. Antagonism ability of Trichoderma species as T.harzianum, T. viride, and T. reesei  against F. oxysporum showed control efficiency of.1.666, 2.333, and 2.666 respectively.