Mesopotamia Journal of Agriculture

Results indicated that the chamomile as an L. fabarum attracting plant gave a height average mummy to Myzus persicae and Aphis fabae gave (45.06 ± 8.78, 262.00 ± 12.16) mummy. Followed by the coriander plant which showed (35.80 ± 9.15 and 215.00 ± 8.71) mummy for each Myzus persicae and Aphis fabae, respectively. The basil plant showed the least average number of mummies for the two insects (25.78 ± 2.77 and 192.33 ± 13.65) mummy reach of the Myzus persicae and Aphis fabae.
However, it was higher than the control upon the Myzus persicae and Aphis fabae (14.71 ± 2.70 and 124.33 ± 22.27) mummy, respectively.
The parasitism rate was affected by the increase in the number of mummies, where the chamomile plant showed the highest parasitization rate on Myzus persicae (70.47 ± 4.05) %, followed by the coriander plant (65.90 ± 5.63%), then basil plant (52.77 ±2.24) %, while the control treatment was the least in parasitism (30.38 ± 4.09) %. On the other hand, the percentage of parasitism on Aphis fabae was superior in all treatments of Aphis fabae above the control group (63.29 ± 2.22, 62.16 ± 1.82, 59.66 ± 5.79 and 30.29 ± 1.52).

This work includes, identification eight species of Aphids (Homoptera: Aphididae) which collected from the leaves of different plants in many localities of Erbil governorate Kurdistan region-Iraq from the period May till July 2022, these are: Chaitophorus salijaponicus, Aphis fabae, Macrosiphum rosae, Capitophorus carduinus, Myzus persicae, Aphis ruborum, Aphis punca, and Aphis gossypii. The mitochondrial cytochrome C Oxidase subunit I (COI) gene used for identification these species. DNA was isolated, and a band of 550 bp of mt COI gene was amplified during the PCR amplification. The amplicons were digested with HinfI and DdeI restriction enzymes. The restricted fragments produced by RFLP technique were proved by agarose gel electrophoresis. The results illustrated that digested amplicons were given bands according to their cut sites. This study presented that studying aphids to detect their species through a RFLP-PCR technique by using these restriction enzymes can distinguish some species with reliable results. HinfI and DdeI REs could not distinguish all species, HinfI only discriminated species Macrosiphum rosae, Capitophorus carduinus, Myzus persicae and Aphis gossypii, but DdeI identified the remain species, Chaitophorus salijaponicus, Macrosiphum rosae, Myzus persicae and Aphis ruborum,within and among other species exactly. The study suggested using other restriction enzymes to provide full recognition profile for all species.

       Myiasis is one of the most complex and interesting relationships that we see in nature, as it represents the relationship between small larvae of the order of Diptera and other creatures such as humans and animals. It is also considered an economic problem that causes heavy losses in livestock. And in both animals, where these larvae belong to three families 1. Oestridae 2. Sarcophagidae 3. Calliphoridae, feed on live and dead tissues, it has also been shown that wounds contaminated with bacteria, Streptococcus spp. Staphylococcus aureus  ، Klebsiella peneumonia,، Pseudomonas spp. ، Enterobacter spp. و  Proteus mirabilis are more likely to suffer from myiasis due to their ability to produce volatile organic compounds that are considered as stimuli for flies. Therefore, Artiana, in this scientific article, dealt with a brief and comprehensive review of myiasis, including the classification of its types, the classification of the larvae that cause it, and the bacterial infections associated with myiasis.

Vespula germanica ( German wasp) is considered a dangerous pest that attacks bees and orchards, and its sting harmful to humans , found in much of the Northern Hemisphere, Khalaf was recorded in Iraq in 1958,  it was limited to registration within the Iraqi insects fauna only, and no any biological or environmental studies in Iraq. Therefore, study aimed for understanding of some aspects of the insect. During three years, 2018-2019- and 2020, field survey in different fields in Duhok, Iraqi Kurdistan, collected 27 nests to investigate several colony characteristics. Our study showed the size of mature nests is correlated to number of individuals produced. observed that the German hornet builds its nests in different places as on trees and shrubs, on roofs of houses , buildings, animal pens, poultry fields, and near water sources. Queen begins to appear at beginning of May, workers at beginning of July, as for the males and virgins, they appeared in October. And all members cast die in winter except newly fertilized queens remain, who hibernate to next season. Showed the activity of workers increases with the progression of the hours of the day and that their highest activity is during the hour (9-11) in the morning, at rate 100 wasps/hour.  seasonal activity starts from May to November, and highest activity recording during July, August, and September. The highest average of sealed brood area 3.11inch during July , highest average number of hexagonal eyes 91 eyes/nest in October.

The results of the study showed the effect of Leucaena leucocephala, Platanus orientalis and Populus alba woods, Concentrations were 0.0025, 0.005, and 0.01% in the Microcerotermes diversus Silv. workers response for Antibiotic Amoxicillin and Nidazole, by spraying and dipping methods, in medium-contrast ratios of insect mortality on the three kind of wood, as it reached: 63.10%, 48.75% and 50.10% respectively by spray, which gave an average rate of mortality after six days 99.38%. While the results showed an increase in the average mortality rates of Termites with an increase in concentration (0.0025, 0.005 and 0.01%), reaching 42.73, 54.60 and 64.70%, respectively, while Nidazole had a clear superiority in the average percentage of deaths of Microcerotermes diversus Silv. , as it reached 61.17%, while it reached 46.86% for amoxicillin. As for the results of the dipping method, there was no significant difference in wood type in the average mortality rates, as it reached 53.62, 56.86 and 51.49%, respectively, while the highest average mortality rate after four days of exposure was 88.23%. Concentrations reached 41.50, 54.73 and 65.75%, respectively, Amoxicillin and Nidazole did not have a significant difference in the mean Termites mortality as it reached 53.92 and 54.06%.

Present study aimed to determine the effects of three insecticides which were Actara, Match and Nimex on Myzuspersicae (Sulzer)  and on it’s both parasite Aphidiusmatricariae Halidayand predators Coccinellaseptempunctata L. and CoccinellanovemnotataHerbst. Results showed that all three insecticides effected parasitic efficiency, of Aphidiusmatricariaeand Nimex recorded highest mortality rate on Myzuspersicae (Sulzer) which was 98-73. All three used pesticides (Actara, Match and Nimex) affected predatory and parasitic efficiency after direct exposure, while less effects the same pesticides on predator efficiency of both C.septempunctata  and C. novemnotata have been recorded after indirect treatment.

The results of food kind exposed to radiation exhibited a different mean mortality on adults reached 52.41 ,58.70 ,50.37 and 52.41% and for percent egg hatch reached 12.96 ,17.78 ,18.33 and 18.33% while the mean mortality in larvae reached 45.56 ,46.48 ,41.30 and 38.15%, and the percentage of pupae transformation to adults reached 47.96 , 46.80 , 45 ,43.52%.Results were positively proportion with increasing the energy levels reached 22.08 , 64.86 , 65.14% for larvae , while the mean percentage of eggs hatchling and the means percentages of pupae transformation to adults decrease with increasing energy levels reached 23.61 , 17.66 and 10.28% for egg hatching , and 58.61 , 40.31 and 29.17% for pupae transformation .The means of adults and larvae mortality increase with increasing the exposure period to radiation reached 31.39 , 58.06 , 72.78 , 75.83 and 76.94% , and 21.67 ,41.39 ,54.72 ,64.44 and 74.17% respectively. Means of eggs hatching percentage and pupae transferred to adults were proportionally decrease with increasing the exposure period. Also the storage of bags affected on mortality of adults Khapra beetle , which reached in bags 5.83%. Compared without bags reached zero, and the mean percentage of eggs hatching in bags treatment decrease reached 31.67% compared without bags reached 100%. While it was no differences in the larvae mortalities of both treatments . Also the pupae transferred to adults were proportionally decrease in bags treatment reached 89.17% compared in controlling without bags reached 100%.